Finland - Average cephalic indexes - Women

Finland - Average cephalic indexes - Men

Continuation to the previous posts. A map of percentages taken from the previously mentioned studies and a map with colour indicators.

Finland - Cephalic indexes - WOMEN (maps)

Dolichocephalic x- 75.9
Mesocephalic 76-80.9
Brachycephalic 81-85.4
Hyperbrachycephalic 85.5-x

This is data about women, the cephalic index-data is based on the publications of

T.Y.Roschier - Anthropologische Untersuchungen an Bewohnern der Landschaft Karjala (Helsinki, 1931)

A.O.Arho - Anthropologische Untersuchungen in den Landschaften Åland und Varsinais-Suomi (Helsinki, 1934)

Niilo Pesonen, Anthropologische Untersuchungen an Bewohnern der Landschaft Satakunta (Helsinki, 1935)

Niilo Pesonen, Anthropologische Untersuchungen an Bewohnern der Landschaft Savo (Helsinki, 1937)

L.Löfgren - über die anthropologie der Bewohner von Uusimaa (Helsinki, 1937)

Erkki Kivalo, Anthropologische Untersuchung von Bewohnern der Landschaft Nord-Ostrobttnien (Helsinki 1957)

Antti Telkkä, Anthropologische Untersuchung von Bewohnern der Landschaft Häme (Helsinki, 1952)

Data of Finland's Sami-people has been excluded from these maps (Esko K. Näätänen - über die Anthropologie der Lappen in Suomi (Helsinki, 1936, 1937)

No data is available for central-Ostrobothnia as far as anthropological zones and part of coastal Central-Ostrobothnia was studied along Southern-Ostrobothnia (Telkkä/Mustakallio). So therefor that zone has been left blank in all maps. Those areas where the measures come from only Swedish speakers of that area (this was mentioned in the studies) have been marked with a YELLOW letter S to signify "Swedish". The Turku/Åbo Archipelago contains mixed data of Finnish and Swedish speakers, separated data is also available but not used in this case.

Dolichocephalics


Mesocephalics


Brachycephalics


Hyperbrachycephalics


Historical provinces of Finland

Finland - Cephalic indexes - MEN (maps)

Dolichocephalic x- 75.9
Mesocephalic 76-80.9
Brachycephalic 81-85.4
Hyperbrachycephalic 85.5-x

This is data about men, the cephalic index-data is based on the publications of

T.Y.Roschier - Anthropologische Untersuchungen an Bewohnern der Landschaft Karjala (Helsinki, 1931)

A.O.Arho - Anthropologische Untersuchungen in den Landschaften Åland und Varsinais-Suomi (Helsinki, 1934)

Niilo Pesonen, Anthropologische Untersuchungen an Bewohnern der Landschaft Satakunta (Helsinki, 1935)

Niilo Pesonen, Anthropologische Untersuchungen an Bewohnern der Landschaft Savo (Helsinki, 1937)

L.Löfgren - über die anthropologie der Bewohner von Uusimaa (Helsinki, 1937)

Erkki Kivalo, Anthropologische Untersuchung von Bewohnern der Landschaft Nord-Ostrobttnien (Helsinki 1957)

Antti Telkkä, Anthropologische Untersuchung von Bewohnern der Landschaft Häme (Helsinki, 1952)

Data of Finland's Sami-people has been excluded from these maps (Esko K. Näätänen - über die Anthropologie der Lappen in Suomi (Helsinki, 1936, 1937)

No data is available for central-Ostrobothnia as far as anthropological zones and part of coastal Central-Ostrobothnia was studied along Southern-Ostrobothnia (Telkkä/Mustakallio). So therefor that zone has been left blank in all maps. Those areas where the measures come from only Swedish speakers of that area (this was mentioned in the studies) have been marked with a YELLOW letter S to signify "Swedish". The Turku/Åbo Archipelago contains mixed data of Finnish and Swedish speakers, separated data is also available but not used in this case.

Dolichocephalic men


Mesocephalic men


Brachycephalic men


Hyperbrachycephalic men


Similar maps for women will be made available at a later date. Also data based on stricter classification of cephalic indexes, such as excluding anyone with an over 75 C.I from the dolichocephalic category. This requires re-calculations of the regional indexes based on the frequency tables featured in the studies and takes time. The result of those re-calculations will most likely be, that all areas will have an increase in the brachycephalic categories to a certain extent.

This date is from the 1930's and 1950's and is the latest available data on Finnish people. Finland was mainly a poor rural nation in those days so the effect of living standards might be seen in certain regional differences.

Cephalic Indexes - Northern Ostrobothnia (Pohjois-Pohjanmaa)

Map of northern-Ostrobothnia & anthropological areas



Gebiet 1 - Muonio, Kolari, Turtola, Ylitornio, Karunki, Alatornio, Tornio
Gebiet 2 - Kittilä, Sodankylä, Savukoski, Pelkosenniemi, Rovaniemi, Kemijärvi, Salla
Gebiet 3 - Tervola, kemi, Simo, Kuivaniemi, Ii, Yli-Ii
Gebiet 4 - Ranua, Posio, Kuusamo, Pudasjärvi, Taivalkoski
Gebiet 5 - Hailuoto, Haukipudas, Kiiminki, Ylikiiminki, Oulunsalo, Oulu, Lumijoki, Kempele, Oulunjoki, Liminka, Tyrnävä, Temmes, Muhos, Utajärvi
Gebiet 6 - Puolanka, Suomussalmi, Säräisniemi, Paltamo, Ristijärvi, Vuolijoki, Kajaani, Sotkamo, Kuhmo
Gebiet 7 - Siikajoki, Pattijoki, Raahe, Saloinen, Revonlahti, Paavola, Rantsila, Pyhäjoki, Vihanti, Merijärvi, Oulainen, Kalajoki, Rautio, Alavieska, Ylivieska
Gebiet 8 - Sievi, Nivala, Haapavesi, Pulkkila, Kestilä, Haapajärvi, Kärsämäki, Piippola, Pyhäntä, Reisjärvi, Pyhäjärvi

Male cephalic indexes


Gebiet 1

Dolichocephalic 2.5%
Mesocephalic 39.5%
Brachycephalic 40.7%
Hyperbrachycephalic 17.3%

Gebiet 2

Dolichocephalic 3.6%
Mesocephalic 34.9%
Brachycephalic 45.6%
Hyperbrachycephalic 16%

Gebiet 3

Dolichocephalic 0%
Mesocephalic 37.9%
Brachycephalic 58.6%
Hyperbrachycephalic 3.5%

Gebiet 4

Dolichocephalic 0%
Mesocephalic 8.2%
Brachycephalic 37.8%
Hyperbrachycephalic 54.1%

Gebiet 5

Dolichocephalic 3.1%
Mesocephalic 27.7%
Brachycephalic 55.4%
Hyperbrachycephalic 13.9%

Gebiet 6

Dolichocephalic 2.8%
Mesocephalic 22.2%
Brachycephalic 58%
Hyperbrachycephalic 17.1%

Gebiet 7

Dolichocephalic 0%
Mesocephalic 36.4%
Brachycephalic 45.5%
Hyperbrachycephalic 18.2%

Gebiet 8

Dolichocephalic 0%
Mesocephalic 12.5%
Brachycephalic 68.8%
Hyperbrachycephalic 18.8%

Averages for all men

Dolichocephalic 2.2%
Mesocephalic 26.9%
Brachycephalic 49.6%
Hyperbrachycephalic 21.3%

Female cephalic indexes



Gebiet 1

Dolichocephalic 7.7%
Mesocephalic 34.6%
Brachycephalic 50%
Hyperbrachycephalic 7.7%

Gebiet 2

Dolichocephalic 4.4%
Mesocephalic 26.1%
Brachycephalic 43.5%
Hyperbrachycephalic 26.1%

Gebiet 3 & 5

Dolichocephalic 11.8%
Mesocephalic 47.1%
Brachycephalic 29.4%
Hyperbrachycephalic 11.8%

Gebiet 4

Dolichocephalic 0%
Mesocephalic 3.3%
Brachycephalic 45%
Hyperbrachycephalic 51.7%

Gebiet 6

Dolichocephalic 0%
Mesocephalic 14.6%
Brachycephalic 57.3%
Hyperbrachycephalic 28.1%

Gebiet 7

Dolichocephalic 8.3%
Mesocephalic 20.8%
Brachycephalic 54.2%
Hyperbrachycephalic 16.7%

Gebiet 8

Dolichocephalic 10%
Mesocephalic 40%
Brachycephalic 30%
Hyperbrachycephalic 20%

Averages for all women

Dolichocephalic 3.2%
Mesocephalic 18.9%
Brachycephalic 49%
Hyperbrachycephalic 28.9%

Erkki Kivalo - Anthropologische Untersuchung Von Bewohnern Der Landschaft Nord-Ostrobottnien, Helsinki 1957

Savolax region - Correlation of hair/eye colour with cephalic index

1. Helle augen: helle (blane, graue, gelbliche oder grünliche)
Iris oder helle Iris mit einigen unbedeutenden braunen Streifen,
Punkten oder Flecken (light-eyed)

2. Melierte Augen: melierte Iris oder helle Iris mit brauner
Aureole (mixed-eyed)

3. Braune Augen: hell - oder dunkelbraune Iris. (brown-eyed)

1. Hellblond - hell - und aschblondes haar (blond + ashblond)
2. Dunkelblond: dunkelblondes und hellbraunes haar (dark-blond and light-brown)
3. Braun - dunkelbraunes und rötlichbraunes haar (dark-brown and red-brown)
4. Braunschwarz: braunschwarzes haar (brown-black)
5. Schwarz: schwarzes haar (black)
6. Rot: rotes Haar (red)
7. Albinotisch: albinotisch haar (albino)

Chart - male and female hair and eye colour


Male eyes

Cephalic index Under 76.4

1) Light-eyed 78.8%
2) Mixed-eyed 6.1%
3) Brown-eyed 15.1%

Cephalic index 76.5-79.4

1) Light-eyed 88.1%
2) Mixed-eyed 4.8%
3) Brown-eyed 7.1%

Cephalic index 79.5 - 82.4

1) Light-eyed 89.4%
2) Mixed-eyed 2.1%
3) Brown-eyed 8.5%

Cephalic index 82.5-85.4

1) Light-eyed 88%
2) Mixed-eyed 3%
3) Brown-eyed 9%

Cephalic index 85.5-88.4

1) Light-eyed 85.2%
2) Mixed-eyed 5.6%
3) Brown-eyed 9.2%

Cephalic index 88.5-91.4

1) Light-eyed 86.6%
2) Mixed-eyed 6.7%
3) Brown-eyed 6.7%

Male hair

Cephalic index under 76.4

1) Blond 2%
2) Dark-Blond 51%
3) Brown 26.5%
4) Brown/Black 10.2%
5) Black 10.2%
6) Red
7) Albino

Cephalic index 76.5 - 79.4

1) Blond 2.7%
2) Dark-Blond 49.6%
3) Brown 27.4%
4) Brown/Black 13.3%
5) Black 6.8%
6) Red
7) Albino

Cephalic index 79.5-82.4

1) Blond 4.3%
2) Dark-Blond 41.6%
3) Brown 32.3%
4) Brown/Black 16.1%
5) Black 5.6%
6) Red
7) Albino

Cephalic index 82.5-85.4

1) Blond 1.7%
2) Dark-Blond 48.7%
3) Brown 28.2%
4) Brown/Black 12.8%
5) Black 8.5%
6) Red
7) Albino

Cephalic index 85.5-88.4

1) Blond 6.1%
2) Dark-Blond 46.9%
3) Brown 22.4%
4) Brown/Black 16.3%
5) Black 8.2%
6) Red
7) Albino

Cephalic index 88.5-91.4

1) Blond 0%
2) Dark-Blond 27.3%
3) Brown 36.4%
4) Brown/Black 9.1%
5) Black 18.2%
6) Red
7) Albino 9.1%

Female eyes

Cephalic index under 76.4

1) Light-eyed 90.5%
2) Mixed-eyed 0%
3) Brown-eyed 9.5%

Cephalic index 76.5-79.4

1) Light-eyed 85.5%
2) Mixed-eyed 0%
3) Brown-eyed 14.5%

Cephalic index 79.5-82.4

1) Light-eyed 81.7%
2) Mixed-eyed 0%
3) Brown-eyed 18.3%

Cephalic index 82.5-85.4

1) Light-eyed 77.8%
2) Mixed-eyed 0%
3) Brown-eyed 22.2%

Cephalic index 85.5-88.4

1) Light-eyed 93.3%
2) Mixed-eyed 0%
3) Brown-eyed 6.7%

Cephalic index 88.5-91.4

1) Light-eyed 100%
2) Mixed-eyed 0%
3) Brown-eyed 0%

Cephalic index 91.5-x

1) Light-eyed 66.7%
2) Mixed-eyed 0%
3) Brown-eyed 33.3%

Female Hair

Cephalic index under 76.4

1) Blond 0%
2) Dark-Blond 50%
3) Brown 36.4%
4) Brown/Black 13.6%
5) Black 0%
6) Red
7) Albino

Cephalic index 76.5-79.4

1) Blond 2.9%
2) Dark-Blond 44.3%
3) Brown 37.1%
4) Brown/Black 11.4%
5) Black 4.3%
6) Red
7) Albino

Cephalic index 79.5-82.4

1) Blond 3.5%
2) Dark-Blond 42.6%
3) Brown 31.9%
4) Brown/Black 19.1%
5) Black 2.1%
6) Red
7) Albino 0.7%

Cephalic index 82.5-85.4

1) Blond 5%
2) Dark-Blond 42%
3) Brown 31%
4) Brown/Black 21%
5) Black 1%
6) Red
7) Albino

Cephalic index 85.5-88.4%

1) Blond 0%
2) Dark-Blond 48.3%
3) Brown 34.5%
4) Brown/Black 17.2%
5) Black 0%
6) Red
7) Albino

Cephalic index 88.5-91.4

1) Blond 22.%
2) Dark-Blond 22.2%
3) Brown 55.5%
4) Brown/Black
5) Black
6) Red
7) Albino

Cephalic index 91.5 -

1) Blond 0%
2) Dark-Blond 33.3%
3) Brown 33.3%
4) Brown/Black 33.3%
5) Black
6) Red
7) Albino

Satakunta - Cephalic indexes

Dolichocephalic x- 75.9
Mesocephalic 76-80.9
Brachycephalic 81-85.4
Hyperbrachycephalic 85.5-x

Gebiet 1 - Merikarvia, Siikainen, Ahlainen,
Pomarkku, Reposaari, Noormarkku, Kultaa, Ulvila,
Luvia, Nakkila, Eurajoki, Kiukainen, Eura, Lappi,
Hinnerjoki, Honkilahti, Rauma, Pori

Gebiet 2 - Kihniö, Parkano, Karvia, Honkajoki, Kankaanpää,
Jämijärvi, Viljakkala, Hämeenkyrö, Ikaalinen

Gebiet 3 - Soini, Ähtäri, Multia, Virrat, Pihlajavesi, Keuru

Gebiet 4 - Lavia, Suodenniemi, Mouhijärvi, Suoniemi, Kiikoinen,
Karkku, Salokunta, Tyrvää, Kiikka, Kauvatsa, Harjavalta,
Kokemäki, Keikyä, Köyliö, Huittinen, Punkalaidun, Säkylä,
Vampula, Alastaro, Metsämaa, Oripää, Mellilä, Vammala, Loimaa

Gebiet 5 - Kuru, Ruovesi, Pohjaslahti, Vilppula, Mänttä, Teisko,
Orivesi, Juupajoki, Ylöjärvi, Aitolahti, Messukylä, Eräjärvi,
Kuhmalahti, Sahalahti, Kangasala, Pohjois-Pirkkala, Etelä-Pirkkala,
Tottijärvi, Vesilahti, Viiala, Lempäälä, Tampere

Gebiet S - Satakunta

Male cephalic indexes/frequency table


All men

Dolichocephalic 10.7%
Mesocephalic 46.3%
Brachycephalic 34.9%
Hyperbrachycephalic 8.1%

Most dolichocephalic area - Gebiet 1 (16.6%)
Least dolichocephalic area - Gebiet 3 (2.2%)
Most mesocephalic area - Gebiet 2 (52.4%)
Least mesocephalic area - Gebiet 3 (33.7%)
Most brachycephalic area - Gebiet 3 (48.3%)
Least brachycephalic area - Gebiet 2 (19%)
Most hyperbrachycephalic area - Gebiet 3 (15.7%)
Least hyperbrachycephalic area - Gebiet 1 (3.1%)

Female cephalic indexes/frequency table


All women

Dolichocephalic 8.3%
Mesocephalic 46.3%
Brachycephalic 37%
Hyperbrachycephalic 8.4%

Most dolichocephalic area - Gebiet 1 & 4 (11.8%)
Least dolichocephalic area - Gebiet 3 (2.4%)
Most mesocephalic area - Gebiet 5 (49.3%)
Least mesocephalic area - Gebiet 3 (38.4%)
Most brachycephalic area - Gebiet 3 (47.2%)
Least brachycephalic area - Gebiet 1 (32.8%)
Most hyperbrachycephalic area - Gebiet 2 (12.7%)
Least hyperbrachycephalic area - Gebiet 4 (5.9%)

Anthropologische untersuchungen an bewohnern der landschaft Satakunta - Niilo Pesonen (Helsinki, 1935)

Häme (Tavastland) - Cephalic Indexes

Map of Häme, divided into areas



Dolichocephalic x- 75.9
Mesocephalic 76-80.9
Brachycephalic 81-85.4
Hyperbrachycephalic 85.5-x

Gebiet 1 - Karstula, Kinnula, Kivijärvi, Konginkangas , Kyyjärvi, Pihtipudas, Pylkönmäki, Saarijärvi, Sumiainen , Viitasaari, Ääneköski, Suolahti

Gebiet 2 - Hankasalmi, Keitele, Konnevesi, Rautalampi, Vesanto

Gebiet 3 - Korpilahti, Laukaa, Muurame, Petäjävesi, Säynätsalo, Toivakka, Uurainen, Jyväskylä

Gebiet 4 - Jämsä, Jämsänkoski, Koskenpää, Kuhmoinen, Kuorevesi, Längelmäki, Padasjoki

Gebiet 5 - Hartola, Joutsa, Leivonmäki, Luhanka, Sysmä, Heinola

Gebiet 6 - Akaa, Humppila, Jokioinen, Kalvola, Koikjärvi, Kylmäkoski, Somerniemi , Somero, Sääksmäki, Tammela, Urjala, Ypäjä, Forssa ja Valkeakoski

Gebiet 7 - Hattula, Hauho, Hausjärvi, Janakkala, Loppi, Luopioinen, Pälkäne, Renko, Tuulos, Tyrväntö, Vanaja, Riihimäki, Hämeenlinna

Gebiet 8 - Asikkala, Hollola, Koski, Kärkölä, Lammi, Nastola, Orimattila, Lahti

Gebiet 9 - Iitti, Jaala, Kuusankoski, Valkeala, Kouvola

Gebiet A - Northern Häme

Gebiet B - Southern Häme

H - Häme

Frequency table - Male cephalic indexes


Male cephalic indexes


All men

Dolichocephalic 7.3%
Mesocephalic 42.6%
Brachycephalic 40.7%
Hyperbrachycephalic 9.5%

Most dolichocephalic area - Gebiet 9 (20%)
Least dolichocephalic area - Gebiet 2 (-)
Most mesocephalic area - Gebiet 5 (58.3%)
Least mesocephalic area - Gebiet 3 (30.9%)
Most brachycephalic area - Gebiet 2 (56.3%)
Least brachycephalic area - Gebiet 9 (20%)
Most hyperbrachycephalic area - Gebiet 1 (17.8%)
Least hyperbrachycephalic area - Gebiet 5 (4.2%)

Frequency table - Female cephalic indexes


Female cephalic indexes


All women

Dolichocephalic 5.9%
Mesocephalic 49.3%
Brachycephalic 37.5%
Hyperbrachycephalic 7.4%

Most dolichocephalic area - Gebiet 7 (9.7%)
Least dolichocephalic area - Gebiet 1 & 9 (0%)
Most mesocephalic area - Gebiet 6 (63.2%)
Least mesocephalic area - Gebiet 1 (26%)
Most brachycephalic area - Gebiet 1 (62%)
Least brachycephalic area - Gebiet 6 (30.9%)
Most hyperbrachycephalic area - Gebiet 8 (13.1%)
Least hyperbrachycephalic area - Gebiet 9 (0%)

Photographic supplements from the study

Male examples (jpg)
Female examples (jpg)

Antti Telkkä, Anthropologische Untersuchung von Bewohnern der Landschaft Häme (Helsinki, 1952)