Wednesday, December 20, 2006

Savolax region - Cephalic indexes

Dolichocephalic x- 75.9
Mesocephalic 76-80.9
Brachycephalic 81-85.4
Hyperbrachycephalic 85.5-x

Gebiet 1 = Kiuruvesi, Lapinlahti, Pielavesi, Sonkajärvi, Varpaisjärvi, Vieremä and Iisalmi.
Gebiet 2 = Juankoski, Karttula, Leppävirta, Maaninka, Muuruvesi, Nilsiä, Riistavesi, Siilinjärvi, Suonenjoki, Tervo, Tuusniemi, Vehmersalmi, Varkaus and Kuopio.
Gebiet 3 = Anttola, Haukivuori, Hirvensalmi, Joroinen, Juva, Jäppilä, Kangasniemi, Mäntyharju, Pertunmaa, Pieksämäki, Ristiina, Virtasalmi, Pieksämä and Mikkeli
Gebiet 4 = Enonkoski, Heinävesi, Kangaslampi, Kerimäki, Punkaharju, Puumala, Rantasalmi, Savonranta, Sulkava, Sääminki and Savonlinna.
Gebiet 5 = Joutseno, Lappee, Lemi, Luumäki, Ruokolahti, Savitaipale, Suomenniemi, Taipalsaari, Lauritsala and Lappeenranta.

Male Cephalic indexes / Frequency table

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Savolax region (all men)

9.8% Dolichocephalic
39.2% Mesocephalic
39.2% Brachycephalic
11.8% Hyperbrachycephalic

Most dolichocephalic area - Gebiet 4 (17.1%)
Least dolichocephalic area - Gebiet 2 (7.7%)
Most mesocephalic area - Gebiet 1 (50.0%)
Least mesocephalic area - Gebiet 5 (36.6%)
Most brachycephalic area - Gebiet 5 (49.3%)
Least brachycephalic area - Gebiet 1 (34.6%)
Most hyperbrachycephalic area - Gebiet 3 (13.7%)
Least hyperbrachycephalic area - Gebiet 5 (2.8%)

Female cephalic indexes/frequency table

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Savolax region (all females)

Dolichocephalic 5.1%
Mesocephalic 41.7%
Brachycephalic 42.2%
Hyperbrachycephalic 11.0%

Most dolichocephalic area - Gebiet 4 (21.4%)
Least dolichocephalic area - Gebiet 5 (2.4%)
Most mesocephalic area - Gebiet 1 (45.8%)
Least mesocephalic area - Gebiet 4 (21.4%)
Most brachycephalic area - Gebiet 4 (50%)
Least brachycephalic area - Gebiet 3 (40%)
Most hyperbrachycephalic area - Gebiet 3 (13.3%)
Least hyperbrachycephalic area - Gebiet 4 (7.1%)

Niilo Pesonen, Anthropologische Untersuchungen an Bewohnern der Landschaft Savo (Helsinki, 1937)

Monday, December 11, 2006

Carelia - Male noses

Height - width index

Hyperleptorrhin x - 54.9
Leptorrhin 55.0-69.9
Mesorrhin 70.0-84.9
Chamaerrhin 85.0-99.9
Hyperchamaerrhin 100 - x

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Hyperleptorrhin x - 54.9
Leptorrhin 55.0-69.9
Mesorrhin 70.0-84.9
Chamaerrhin 85.0-99.9
Hyperchamaerrhin 100 - x


Carelia (men)

Hyperleptorrhin 14%
Leptorrhin 65.2%
Mesorrhin 19.4%
Chamaerrhin 1.1%
Hyperchamaerrhin 0.3%

Area 1

Hyperleptorrhin 4.8%
Leptorrhin 71.4%
Mesorrhin 19%
Chamaerrhin 2.4%
Hyperchamaerrhin 2.4%

Area 2

Hyperleptorrhin 6.6%
Leptorrhin 70.3%
Mesorrhin 23.1%
Chamaerrhin -
Hyperchamaerrhin -

Area 3

Hyperleptorrhin 11.3%
Leptorrhin 72.2%
Mesorrhin 14.9%
Chamaerrhin 1.5%
Hyperchamaerrhin -

Area 4

Hyperleptorrhin 14.2%
Leptorrhin 53.3%
Mesorrhin 32%
Chamaerrhin -
Hyperchamaerrhin 0.8%

Area 5

Hyperleptorrhin 27.8%
Leptorrhin 53.2%
Mesorrhin 16.5%
Chamaerrhin 2.5%
Hyperchamaerrhin

Area 6

Hyperleptorrhin 17.8%
Leptorrhin 75.4%
Mesorrhin 5.1%
Chamaerrhin 1.7%
Hyperchamaerrhin -

Area A

Hyperleptorrhin 10.2%
Leptorrhin 72.0%
Mesorrhin 15.7%
Chamaerrhin 1.7%
Hyperchamaerrhin 0.4%

Area B

Hyperleptorrhin 11.8%
Leptorrhin 58.7%
Mesorrhin 29.2%
Chamaerrhin -
Hyperchamaerrhin 0.3%

Area C

Hyperleptorrhin 13.3%
Leptorrhin 63.2%
Mesorrhin 22.2%
Chamaerrhin 1.0%
Hyperchamaerrhin 0.3%


The highest percentage of narrow nosed induviduals (hyper + leptorrhin) were found in Area 6 (Rautjärvi, Ilmee, Hiitola, Kirvu, Jääski, Antrea, Vuoksenranta, Heinjoki, Vuoksela, Ihontala, Kaukola, Räisälä, Pyhäjärvi, Nuijamaa, Äyräpää, Vahviala, Johannes, Ylämaa, Koivisto, Säkkijärvi, Miehikkälä, Virolahti, Muolaa, Valkjärvi, Sakkola, Metsäpirtti, Rautu, Kyyrölä, Kuolemanjärvi, Kivennapa, Uusikirkko, Kanneljärvi, Kuokkala, Terijoki, Käkisalmi and Viipuri.) the least in Area 4 (Korpiselkä, Soanlahti, Suojärvi, Suistamo, Impilahti and Salmi.) The most typical nose in all areas was leptorrhin. Area 1 (Nurmes, Valtimo, Rautavaara, Juuka, Säyneinen and Kaavi) had the largest percentage of chamaerrhin and hyperchamaerrhin noses (2.4% of each).

Sources - T.Y.Roschier - Anthropologische Untersuchungen an Bewohnern der Landschaft Karjala (Helsinki, 1931)


Monday, December 4, 2006

Re-calculating Cephalic Indexes based on frequency tables - Nyland

Re-calculated Cephalic indexes for Nyland Finnish and Swedish speakers (averages) based on L.Löfgren's cephalic index frequency table and comparison with the original data reported by Löfgren.

Re-calculated cephalic indexes with stricter values

under 75 = dolicho,
75-79.9 meso,
over 80 brachy
85-89.9 for hyperbrachycephalics.


Dolicho
Meso
Brachy
Hyperbra
Nyland Swe/men 12,87
51,9
29,52
5,72
Nyland Fi/men 6,52
45,1
37,5
10,32


On the original looser system the same values were
Dolichocephalic x- 75.9
Mesocephalic 76-80.9
Brachycephalic 81-85.4
Hyperbrachycephalic 85.5-x

Original distiribution of cephalic indexes by Löfgren.


Dolicho
Meso
Brachy
Hyperbra
Nyland Swe/men 25,24
52,38
20,48
1,92
Nyland Fi/men 13,59
48,91
30,44
7,072

The expected result of this re-calculation is that when the definition becomes stricter, the amount of pure dolichocephalics drops, adding them to the mesocephalic group, whereas some mesocephalics will be counted as brachycephalics and some brachycephalics into the hyperbrachycephalic group.

I will re-calculate values for each area of Nyland for both men and women and compare the results. Similar comparison will be made for each area (if data is available).

Sources - L.Löfgren - über die anthropologie der Bewohner von Uusimaa (Helsinki, 1937)

Nyland - Summary

L. Löfgren had created a rather large (219 pages) study on the anthropological qualities of the population of Nyland. The measurements had been performed between the years 1928 and 1932. They had studied 394 men, out of which 211 were Swedish speakers and 252 women, out of which 162 were Swedish speakers. The men were between the ages of 25-50 and women 20-50. The height of the Swedish speaking men averaged at 172,14cm, Finnish speakers 169,65cm. The Swedish speakers were said to be 2,49cm taller on average. The Swedish speakers in the western part of Nyland were taller than those in the east, however the Finnish speakers from the west of Nyland were not any taller than his counterparts from the east. The legs of the Swedish speakers were said to be longer than those of the Finnish speakers, whom on the other hand had longer legs than the Carelians. The cephalic index among Nyland's Finnish speakers was around 79,8% and 78,3 among Swedish speakers. On Westerlund's study the same numbers were 80,5 and 79,5 (see table 11)

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The comparative information on Sweden's cephalic index division was based on the results of Lundborg-Linders. In their results the hyperbrachycephalics were summed among the brachycephalics. The Swedish speaking men of Nyland had longer faces in comparison to the Finnish speakers. However the Finnish speaking men and women of Nyland were more blond than their Swedish speaking countrymen. Löfgren had made several comparisons to earlier studies and studies of other countries. He was also very descriptive. The faces were mainly ellipse shaped, however this was more frequent among the Swedish speakers. The faces of the Finnish speakers showed more angularity (this was said to be the case also in Finland Proper). The people studied in Nyland often had medium-width and medium-height faces. The forehead was medium high and more often high than low. The Finnish speakers were said to have wider faces and Löfgren also points that the cheekbones were slightly prominent, however this was also the case among many European nations. This feature was more well-defined among the Swedish speakers, with the arch of the cheek being larger.

The Swedish speakers had a higher and more narrow nose. In both groups the male noses were mostly straight, women often had a concave up-tilted nose. The same phenomenon was found in SW-Finland. The nostrils were often long and oval in shape. (see table 12)

Table 12 - Nose shape among the Finnish and Swedish speakers of Nyland according to L.Löfgren (1937)

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Extracts from Löfgren's study.

Nyland divided into areas
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Gebiet = Area

Gebiet 1 = Bromarv, Tenala, Ekenäs, Pojo, Karis
, Spannertuna, Ingå, Degerby, Hangö and Ekenäs.

Gebiet 2 = Sjundeå, Kyrkslätt, Espoo, Helsinki
, Huopalahti, Oulunkylä, Brändö, Grankulla and Haaga.

Gebiet 3 = Sibbo, Borgå, Pernå, Liljendal, Lappträsk,
Ruotsinpyhtää and Lovisa.

Gebiet 4 = Karjalohja, Sammatti, Nummi, Pusula,
Pyhäjärvi, Vihti, Lohja, Nurmijärvi, Hyvinkää, Lohja
and Karkkila.

Gebiet 5 = Tuusula, Mäntsälä, Pukkila, Askola, Myrskylä,
Artjärvi, Anjala, Sippola, Pyhtää, Kymi, Vehkalahti,
Kotka, Hamina ja Kerava.

U:S = Areas 1,2,3 where only Swedish speakers
were measured, the average of those areas.

U:F = Areas 4 and 5 where only Finnish speakers
were measured, the average of those areas.

Cephalic indexes (men)
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Cephalic index frequency table (men)

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To classify cephalic indexes into groups, the following system was used

Dolichocephalic x- 75.9
Mesocephalic 76-80.9
Brachycephalic 81-85.4
Hyperbrachycephalic 85.5-x

Statistics about men.

Most dolichocephalic area = Area 1 (Bromarv, Tenala, Ekenäs, Pojo, Karis , Spannertuna, Ingå, Degerby, Hangö and Ekenäs) 33.90% dolichocephalics. Least dolichocephalic area = Area 5 (Tuusula, Mäntsälä, Pukkila, Askola, Myrskylä, Artjärvi, Anjala, Sippola, Pyhtää, Kymi, Vehkalahti, Kotka, Hamina ja Kerava.) 6.51% dolichocephalic

Most mesocephalic area = Area 3 (Sibbo, Borgå, Pernå, Liljendal, Lappträsk, Ruotsinpyhtää and Lovisa) 55.06% mesocephalic. Least mesocephalic area = Area 5 (Tuusula, Mäntsälä, Pukkila, Askola, Myrskylä,
Artjärvi, Anjala, Sippola, Pyhtää, Kymi, Vehkalahti, Kotka, Hamina ja Kerava.)
= 45.75%

Most brachycephalic area = Area 5 (Tuusula, Mäntsälä, Pukkila, Askola, Myrskylä, Artjärvi, Anjala, Sippola, Pyhtää, Kymi, Vehkalahti, Kotka, Hamina ja Kerava.) 34.05% brachycephalics. Least brachycephalic area = Area 2 (Sjundeå, Kyrkslätt, Espoo, Helsinki , Huopalahti, Oulunkylä, Brändö, Grankulla and Haaga) with 16.13% brachycephalics.

Most hyperbrachycephalic area = Area 5, least Area 3.

Cephalic indexes (women)
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Cephalic index frequency table (women)
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Most dolichocephalic area = Area 2 (15.38%)
Least dolichocephalic area = Area 5 (4.12%)
Most mesocephalic area = Area 2 (69.23%)
Least mesocephalic area = Area 5 (47.43%)
Most brachycephalic area = Area 5 (31.96%)
Least brachycephalic area = Area 2 (15.38%)

Area 3 (31.67% brachy) was quite close to Area 5 (31.96%) in terms
of female brachycephalics.

Most hyperbrachycephalics = Area 5 (16.5%)
Least hyperbrachycephalics = Area 1 & 2 (0%)

Arguably one might re-count the distiribution of cephalic indexes from the frequency table by using stricter classifications for the various indexes. Ie. under 75 = dolicho, 75-79.9 meso, over 80 brachy and 85-89.9 for hyperbrachycephalics. This would in some cases make many slightly meso-brachycephalics into purely brachycephalics and so forth.

I will add other tables from the book into this same post when I have more time.

Sources - L.Löfgren - über die anthropologie der Bewohner von Uusimaa (Helsinki, 1937)

Carelia - Summary

T.Y.Roschier's study on Karelia. According to the 1930's popular theory, Roschier said that the forefathers of the Carelians had arrived to the Lake Ladoga and Onega region around 500 A.D and populated the Carelia and Savolax regions by 700 A.D He displayed studies by C. von Haartman and studies by the Russians A. V. Elisejev (1882), A.J.Kolmogorov (1904), V.N. Mainov (1881) and D. A. Zolotarev (1920's) Eliseiev made a trip to Scandianavia and Lapland and after that he practiced as a military doctor in Finland. He said that the Finnish population greatly differed from their Swedish, Norwegian and Russian neighbours.

According to Roschier he stereotyped them along the lines of v. Haartman and considered the Carelians to be a mixed race and not pure Finns. Kolmogorov said the Finns to be brachycephalic, large built, light eyed and blond haired. The Finnish Carelians were compared to those living in Russia. Mainov considered them to be darker than the Finnish Carelians. They differed very little from Russians, however their eyes were said to be slanted, faces were angular and the cheekbones hinted towards Uralic-Altaic origin. The most famous depictor of the Carelians must have been Zolotarev. His depiction didn't differ that much from the previous, althoug he provided slightly more accurate information. In addition to the mention of slanted eyes he mentioned that epicanthic folds in Carelians were rare. The Carelians of the Soviet Union were claimed to be closer to Russians than the Finnish Carelians. Generally the Carelians were said to be showing traits of Nordic, East-Baltic, Lapponoid and North-Uralid races. The Finnish Carelian was depicted as being larger and more harsh featured than the Russian Carelian (wide jawed, snub nose, poor beard growth and a dim unpleasant facial expression)

The new anthropological researchers noticed that researchers had used different ways of measuring in their previous studies. For example the height measurements by Westerlund, Wilksman and Roschier gave results which different from each other by several centimeters. This was explained with the age variation of the measured induviduals (conscription age and fully grown males) and the differences in research technique. Roschier performed measurements in 1925 and provided supplementary measurements to complete the study in 1929. His material wasn't that large compared to Westerlund for example, because it consisted of 736 men between the ages of 25-50 and 490 women between the ages of 20-50. However the study was more accurate and versatile because of Martin's instructions. In the final inspection we'll look at the factors which often were "looked for" when looking for the “Finnish race".

The Carelian men were medium sized (average height of men was 166,29cm and women 154,83cm). The Finnish Carelians had a high, narrow nose, the eyes were mainly light (men 83,8%) and brown eyes were found in 7,5% of the studied individuals. Brown eyes were more frequent among women (15,7%).

The men mainly had three types of hair colours (dark brown or black, blond (mainly dark-blonde) and brown hair. Roschier released his study at a time when pure racial types were considered "possible" and racial types were given ideal measurements and features. That's why comparisons were made between Carelians, Swedes, Russian Carelia and Russians. As expected, Swedes were judged to be larger, more dolichocephalic and more slim/slender built. The difference towards Russian Carelians was the opposite, however the difference was thought to be minor.

The Finnish Carelians were conclued to be brachycephalic (male index 81,67, women 81,88). The difference to the meso/dolicocephalic Swedes was considered to be rather big, however the Carelians of Russia were said to be less brachycephalic. According to the starting points of the studies of this time, Carelians were labelled as a mixed population, consisting elements from different races. In an old-time fashion Roschier spoke of Germanic, Slavic and Lapponoid-races.

Extracts from Roschier's study.

Carelia divided into areas/groups of study.

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Gebiet = Area

Gebiet 1 = Nurmes, Valtimo,
Rautavaara, Juuka, Säyneinen and Kaavi

Gebiet 2 = Pielisjärvi, Eno, Ilomantsi ja Tuupovaara

Gebiet 3 = Kuusjärvi, Polvijärvi, Kontiolahti, Liperi
, Pyhäselkä, Pielisensuu, Kiihtelysvaara, Rääkkylä,
Tohmajärvi, Värtsilä, Pälkjärvi, Kitee, Kesälähti
and Joensuu.

Gebiet 4 = Korpiselkä, Soanlahti, Suojärvi, Suistamo
, Impilahti and Salmi.

Gebiet 5 = Ruskeala, Harlu, Uukunniemi, Jaakkima, Saari
, Parikkala, Lumivaara, Simpele, Kurkijoki and Sortavala.

Gebiet 6 = Rautjärvi, Ilmee, Hiitola, Kirvu, Jääski,
Antrea, Vuoksenranta, Heinjoki, Vuoksela, Ihontala, Kaukola,
Räisälä, Pyhäjärvi, Nuijamaa, Äyräpää, Vahviala, Johannes,
Ylämaa, Koivisto, Säkkijärvi, Miehikkälä, Virolahti, Muolaa,
Valkjärvi, Sakkola, Metsäpirtti, Rautu, Kyyrölä, Kuolemanjärvi,
Kivennapa, Uusikirkko, Kanneljärvi, Kuokkala, Terijoki, Käkisalmi
and Viipuri.

Gebiet A = Western part of North-Carelia (1 and 3)
Gebiet B = Eastern part of North-Carelia (2 and 4)
Gebiet C = North-Carelian group (1,2,3,4 and 5)
Gebiet 6 = South-Carelian group

To classify cephalic indexes into groups, the following system was used

Dolichocephalic x- 75.9
Mesocephalic 76-80.9
Brachycephalic 81-85.4
Hyperbrachycephalic 85.5-x

Male cephalic indexes (table)
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Frequency table of cephalic indexes for men

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Area 1 (men)

2.4% Dolichocephalic
28.6% Mesocephalic
57.1% Brachycephalic
11.9% Hyperbrachycephalic

Area 2 (men)

2.5% Dolichocephalic
45.7% Mesocephalic
41.1% Brachycephalic
10.7% Hyperbrachycephalic

Area 3 (men)

1.1% Dolichocephalic
40.7 % Mesocephalic
52.8% Brachycephalic
5.5% Hyperbrachycephalic

Area 4 (men)

2.9% Dolichocephalic
39.2% Mesocephalic
44.1% Brachycephalic
13.7% Hyperbrachycephalic

Area 5 (men)

6.3% Dolichocephalic
33.8% Mesocephalic
50 % Brachycephalic
10 % Hyperbrachycephalic

Area 6 (men)

4.2% Dolichocephalic
33.9% Mesocephalic
45.8% Brachycephalic
16.1% Hyperbrachycephalic

Area A (men)

1.5% Dolichocephalic
36.8% Mesocephalic
54.1% Brachycephalic
7.5% Hyperbrachycephalic

Area B (men)

2.7% Dolichocephalic
42.4% Mesocephalic
42.6% Brachycephalic
12.2% Hyperbrachycephalic

Area C (men)

2.9% Dolichocephalic
40.1% Mesocephalic
46.1 % Brachycephalic
10.9 % Hyperbrachycephalic

All Carelian men

3.1% Dolichocephalic
39.1% Mesocephalic
46% Brachycephalic
11.7% Hyperbrachycephalic

Conclusions about male cephalic indexes.

The most dolichocephalic area was Area 5 with 6.3% (Ruskeala, Harlu, Uukunniemi, Jaakkima, Saari , Parikkala, Lumivaara, Simpele, Kurkijoki and Sortavala) Least dolichocephalic area was Area 3 with 1.1% (Kuusjärvi, Polvijärvi, Kontiolahti, Liperi , Pyhäselkä, Pielisensuu, Kiihtelysvaara, Rääkkylä, Tohmajärvi, Värtsilä, Pälkjärvi, Kitee, Kesälähti and Joensuu.)

The most mesocephalic area was Area 2 (Pielisjärvi, Eno, Ilomantsi ja Tuupovaara) with 45.7% and the least mesocephalic area was area 1 (Nurmes, Valtimo, Rautavaara, Juuka, Säyneinen and Kaavi) with 28.6%

The most brachycephalic area was Area 1 (Nurmes, Valtimo, Rautavaara, Juuka, Säyneinen and Kaavi) with 57.1% brachycephalics. The least brachycephalic area was area Area 2 (Pielisjärvi, Eno, Ilomantsi ja Tuupovaara) with 41.1% Brachycephalics.

The most hyperbrachycephalic area was Area 6 (South-Carelia) with 16.1%. The least hyperbrachycephalic area was Area 3 (Kuusjärvi, Polvijärvi, Kontiolahti, Liperi , Pyhäselkä, Pielisensuu, Kiihtelysvaara, Rääkkylä, Tohmajärvi, Värtsilä, Pälkjärvi, Kitee, Kesälähti and Joensuu) with 5.5% hyperbrachycephalics.

Female cephalic indexes (table)
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Frequency table of cephalic indexes for women
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Area 1 (women)

4.3% Dolichocephalic
30.4% Mesocephalic
52.2% Brachycephalic
13.0% Hyperbrachycephalic

Area 2 (women)

4.8% Dolichocephalic
30.6% Mesocephalic
51.6% Brachycephalic
12.9% Hyperbrachycephalic

Area 3 (women)

5 % Dolichocephalic
48 % Mesocephalic
37 % Brachycephalic
10 % Hyperbrachycephalic

Area 4 (women)

7 % Dolichocephalic
31 % Mesocephalic
51.2% Brachycephalic
10.9% Hyperbrachycephalic

Area 5 (women)

3.6% Dolichocephalic
21.7% Mesocephalic
47 % Brachycephalic
27.7% Hyperbrachycephalic

Area 6 (women)

4.3% Dolichocephalic
36.6% Mesocephalic
44.1% Brachycephalic
15.1% Hyperbrachycephalic

Area A (women)

4.9% Dolichocephalic
44.7% Mesocephalic
39.8% Brachycephalic
10.6% Hyperbrachycephalic

Area B (women)

6.3% Dolichocephalic
30.9% Mesocephalic
51.3% Brachycephalic
11.5% Hyperbrachycephalic

Area C (women)

5.3% Dolichocephalic
33.2% Mesocephalic
46.9% Brachycephalic
14.6% Hyperbrachycephalic

All Carelian women

5.1% Dolichocephalic
33.9% Mesocephalic
46.3% Brachycephalic
14.7% Hyperbrachycephalic

Out of women, the most dolichocephalic area was Area 4 (Korpiselkä, Soanlahti, Suojärvi, Suistamo, Impilahti and Salmi.) with 7% dolichocephalics. The least dolichocephalic area was area 5 (Ruskeala, Harlu, Uukunniemi, Jaakkima, Saari , Parikkala, Lumivaara, Simpele, Kurkijoki and Sortavala.) with 3.6% dolichocephalics.

The most mesocephalic area was Area 3 (Kuusjärvi, Polvijärvi, Kontiolahti, Liperi
, Pyhäselkä, Pielisensuu, Kiihtelysvaara, Rääkkylä, Tohmajärvi, Värtsilä, Pälkjärvi, Kitee, Kesälähti and Joensuu.
) with 48% mesocephalics.

The most brachycephalic area was Area 1 (Nurmes, Valtimo, Rautavaara, Juuka, Säyneinen and Kaavi)with 52.2% brachycephalics. The least brachycephalic area was Area 3 (Kuusjärvi, Polvijärvi, Kontiolahti, Liperi , Pyhäselkä, Pielisensuu, Kiihtelysvaara, Rääkkylä, Tohmajärvi, Värtsilä, Pälkjärvi, Kitee, Kesälähti and Joensuu.) with 37% brachycephalics.

The most hyperbrachycephalic area was Area 5 (Ruskeala, Harlu, Uukunniemi, Jaakkima, Saari , Parikkala, Lumivaara, Simpele, Kurkijoki and Sortavala.) with 27.7% hyperbrachycephalics. The least hyperbrachycephalic area was Area 3 (Kuusjärvi, Polvijärvi, Kontiolahti, Liperi, Pyhäselkä, Pielisensuu, Kiihtelysvaara, Rääkkylä, Tohmajärvi, Värtsilä, Pälkjärvi, Kitee, Kesälähti and Joensuu.)with 10% hyperbrachycephalics.

Arguably one might re-count the distiribution of cephalic indexes from the frequency table by using stricter classifications for the various indexes. Ie. under 75 = dolicho, 75-79.9 meso, over 80 brachy and 85-89.9 for hyperbrachycephalics. This would in some cases make many slightly meso-brachycephalics into purely brachycephalics. However other FAS-studies such as Löfgren's study on Nyland used the exact same values as Roschier.

I will add other tables from the book into this same post when I have the time.

Sources - T.Y.Roschier - Anthropologische Untersuchungen an Bewohnern der Landschaft Karjala (Helsinki, 1931)

Sunday, December 3, 2006

Tavastland - Summary

Antti Telkkä released his study on anthropology of Tavastland in 1952. Back then only the material consisting of Northern Ostrobothnia had remained un-published. In Tavastland, according to a common method around 426 men and 402 women were measured.

The average height of a Tavastian male was found to be 170,55cm. Southern Tavastians were slightly taller (170,97cm avg) in comparison to northern Tavastians (169,45cm). In a similar fashion the women in Southern Tavastland were slightly taller than the Northern Tavastians (150,08cm). The Finnish speaking men of Nyland were on average shorter in stature in comparison to the Tavastian men, however the Finnish speaking women of Nyland were taller than Tavastian females. Over half of the Tavast men were tall statured (170cm and over) and almost half of the women (159cm and over) were tall statured also. The men and women of Tavastland were mainly meso and brachycephalic.

The average cephalic index was around 81. Mesocephalics and brachycephalics amounted at 83% of men. Both at a bit over 40%. In northern Tavastland the cephalic index was slightly higher than in the South (81,97-80,62). Also the cephalic index of women in north Tavastland was a bit higher with the average cephalic index being 81,11. As far as cephalic index goes, the results among the Swedish speaking Southern-Ostrobothnia, Satakunta and Savolax were the closest to the results of Tavastland. The Tavastians were found to be mainly wide-faced and narrow nosed.

In many previous studies the Tavastians had been described as being very blond. The eye-colour among men was predominantly light (89,6%). The women once again proved to have a higher frequency of brown-eyes than men (18%). The hair was rarely extremely blond. The most common hair colour for men was dark-blond (45,1%) and brown (35,7%). Black hair was found only on 3.6%. The female hair in general was darker, however people with black hair were a few (3%). It was concluded in these studies that in the northern, eastern and in Finland proper there was a higher amount of "darkness" than elsewhere. T

The Tavastians seemed to be apart of a North-eastern group, although their eye-colour was mainly light. The most common combination among men was light-eyes and dark-blond/brown hair (73,6%)

Antti Telkkä, Anthropologische Untersuchung von Bewohnern der Landschaft Häme (Helsinki, 1952)

Satakunta - Summary

Professor Niilo Pesonen researched the population of the Satakunta and Savolax region and performed conclusions on the Duodecim-magazine and later also published his work in German. The study on Satakunta was published in 1935. The studied region had been divided into 5 areas. Average height of men was 170,79cm and women 159,96cm. Cephalic index of males averaged around 80,5 and women at 81 (table 10)
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Out of men and women 55% were narrow faced (extremely narrow faced 25%), medium width (mesoprosop) 27% among men and 23% among women. The majority (80%) also had a narrow nose. The study of hair and eye-colour also pointed that the people of Satakunta were mainly blond. Among men 85,5% had light eyes (blue,gray,yellowish or greenish). Brown-eyes were found in 11% of men. The frequency of brown-eyes was higher amongst women (17%). Brown haired men and women were equally found 40% among the studied individuals. Extremely blond or dark-blond (majority of light-haired people) were around 40% Red hair was rather rare. Dark men rarely had dark eyes. The most common combination was dark-blond or brown hair and light-eyes. Height and blondness did not correlate each other. Among men under the height of 154,9cm the majority had light eyes (86,4%) and men above 175cm tall 90,7% had light-eyes. Large men more often seemed to have dark hair, not blond. However the difference was small. Tall women however more often had very blond hair and light coloured eyes. The same goes for cephalic indexes. Men with higher cephalic index more often had the lightest eyes (79,5-82,4=92% and 85,5-88,4=95,8%) Dark-brown and black hair was found among individuals who were extremely brachycephalic or rather dolichocephalic. Similar figures and conclusions were made about the women. The researchers were interested in if according to the old theories short people were more often dark haired and dark eyed and if tall people were meso/dolichocephalic and blond more often. Of course the study results didn't support this theory.

Niilo Pesonen, Anthropologische Untersuchungen an Bewohnern der Landschaft Satakunta (Helsinki, 1935)

Savolax region - Summary

Pesonen's study on the Savolax region was published in 1937. For this study 595 men between the ages 25-49 and 376 women between the ages 20-49 had been studied. They were from all over Savolax from Kiuruvesi to Lappeenranta.

Average height of men was 167,4cm and women 154,53cm. The tallest men (168,06cm avg) were found in the area consisting Joroinen and Mikkeli, the shortest were found south of this area in the Savonlinnna region (165,8cm). This region also had the shortest women (152,26cm) whereas the tallest women were found south of this area (155,78cm). T

The cephalic index of men averaged at 81,109 and it was largest in the areas of Kuopio and Mikkeli (81,281; 81,232). More than 3/4 were mesocephalic and brachycephalic (both 39,2%). The average cephalic index of women was 81,504
Out of men 44,5% had a wide-face, medium-faced 21,6%. The widest faces were found in Southern Savolax and around the Kuopio region. The most narrow faces were found in the Mikkeli region (half of the measured individuals). Narrow noses were found among half of the men and extremely narrow noses among 10%. In women the numbers of narrow noses were even higher (59,1%, 10,3%)

The population of the Savolax region was mainly blond. Around 87% of men had light-eyes, brown eyes were found among 9%. Again there were more brown-eyes among the women (17,4%) However brown-eyed men were found in Northern Savolax more often than normally (23,1%) Extremely blond hair was rare among men (3,2%), however dark-blond hair was found in 46,2%. Very dark hair was found in 20% of men. Over half of the measured women had brown or darker toned hair. As in Satakunta, the tallest individuals of the Savolax region were not the blondest. However shorter men were on average a bit darker than tall men. Tall women more often had brown eyes than short women (40% and 20%). The same goes for hair colour. Brown hair was more common among tall individuals. The dolichocephalic men were more often brown-eyed than other groups, however dark hair was more frequent among those who were brachycephalic (18,2%). Dark-brown or brown was found among 45% of the brachycephalic individuals. The rest mainly had blond/light hair (half of the measured individuals).

Majority of men had light coloured eyes. It was noted that the short, brachycephalic individuals couldn't have gotten their height and short skull through Sami-influence because of blondism. Among women, brachycephalics more often seemed to have brown eyes. However the short statured people with brown eyes and dark hair might indeed be a a result of Sami-admixture, however these features were not a frequent phenomenon among the individuals. Dark hair was more common than expected among tall men with dolichocephalic skulls, which lead the research to conclude that other type "dark" influence was present and it was not Lapponoid.

Niilo Pesonen, Anthropologische Untersuchungen an Bewohnern der Landschaft Savo (Helsinki, 1937)