Finnish Physical Anthropology

Finland by region - anthropometric averages

2007-09-04T00:50:00.000-07:00

The data is from studies made in the 1930's and 1950's. Back then Finland was mainly a poor rural nation. Some (but not all) regional differences in height and other data may be explained by the different economic conditions on different regions and by the fact that these studies span between 1930 and 1950's. The average height data is quite irrelevant for our modern day and regional differences are minimal due to improved living standards. But here's a 1930's - 1950's look on things.

Measurements mm

*Average Carelian - male*
T.Y.Roschier - Anthropologische Untersuchungen an Bewohnern der Landschaft Karjala (Helsinki, 1931)

Height (cm) 166.29 cm (variation was between 144.7 - 186.6)
Head lenght 186.28 (154-208)
Head breadth 152.36 (124-185)
Minimum frontal breadth 109.86 (81-149)
Bizygomatic diameter 137.35 (96-191)
Bigonial diameter 107.22 (79-145)
Total facial height 122.11 (103-160)
Upper facial height
Nasal height 55.57 (39-73)
Nasal breadth 35.07 (22 - 51)
Biorbital Width
Interorbital Width 31.90 (23-41)
Cephalic index 81.670 (66.31 - 97.37)
Facial index 89.343 (68.86 - 129.09)
Upper facial index
Nasal index 63.800 (37.10 - 100.00)
B.H.I 88.970 (61.49-130.67)
H.L.I 72.754 (53.73-105.95)

*Average Carelian - female*
T.Y.Roschier - Anthropologische Untersuchungen an Bewohnern der Landschaft Karjala (Helsinki, 1931)

Height (cm) 154.83 (128.8 - 173.1)
Head lenght (mm) 176.87 (147-212)
Head breadth 144.72 (121-180)
Minimum frontal breadth 104.94 (79-135)
Bizygomatic diameter 126.81 (97-147)
Bigonial diameter 96.81 (71-176)
Total facial height 113.04 (88-141)
Upper facial height
Nasal height 51.38 (33-65)
Nasal breadth 31.40 (25-40)
Biorbital width
Interorbital Width 31.33 (20-40)
Cephalic index 81.881 (66.04 - 97.22)
Facial index 89.448 (66.67-125.69)
Upper facial index
Nasal index 61.973 (41.07 - 89.19)
B.H.I 91.153 (69.80-114.88)
H.L.I 74.474 (55.19-91.77)

*Nyland - male (Finnish speaker)*
L.Löfgren - über die anthropologie der Bewohner von Uusimaa (Helsinki, 1937)

Height (cm) 169.65 (150.1 - 187.5)
Head lenght (mm)
Head breadth
Minimum frontal breadth 110.58 (97-133)
Bizygomatic diameter 139.04 (120-157)
Bigonial diameter 111.07 (94-126)
Total facial height 124.22 (106-145)
Upper facial height
Nasal height 54.51 (38-67)
Nasal breadth 35.22 (28-43)
Biorbital width
Interorbital width 32.39 (25-42)
Cephalic index 79.785
Facial index 89.611 (75.66 - 110.45)
Upper facial index
Nasal index 65.285 (49.10 - 102.60)
B.H.I 85.861 (71.34-103.52)
H.L.I 68.463 (57.79-83.91)

*Nyland - male (Swedish speaker)*
L.Löfgren - über die anthropologie der Bewohner von Uusimaa (Helsinki, 1937)

Height (cm) 172.14 (156.9 - 189.0)
Head lenght (mm)
Head breadth
Minimum frontal breadth 108.41 (91-127)
Bizygomatic diameter 130.85 (112-154)
Bigonial diameter 110.62 (95-132)
Total facial height 127.00 (97-150)
Upper facial height
Nasal height 57.35 (43-74)
Nasal breadth 35.90 (29-45)
Biorbital width
Interorbital width 33.13 (24-40)
Cephalic index 78.227
Facial index 97.554 (73.48 - 124.17)
Upper facial index
Nasal index 62.987 (45.95 - 86.96)
B.H.I 84.493 (71.15-100.16)
H.L.I 65.744 (56.32-77.35)

**Nyland - female (Finnish speaker)*
L.Löfgren - über die anthropologie der Bewohner von Uusimaa (Helsinki, 1937)

Height (cm) 159.33 (148.1 - 173.6)
Head length (mm) 183.98 (163-206)
Head breadth 147.78 (138-160)
Minimum frontal breadth 105.47 (96-117)
Bizygomatic diameter 130.43 (113-143)
Bigonial diameter 102.05 (90-123)
Total facial height 110.95 (94-130)
Upper facial heigth
Nasal breadth 31.94 (27-39)
Nasal height 48.68 (41-77)
Biorbital width
Interorbital width 31.05 (24-41)
Cephalic index 80.427 (73.30 - 89.08)
Facial index 85.239 (69.13-103.54)
Upper facial index
Nasal index 65.873 (45.45 - 85.70)
B.H.I 87.045 (71.71-104.96)
H.L.I 69.971 (55.61-85.12)

*Nyland - female (Swedish speaker)*
L.Löfgren - über die anthropologie der Bewohner von Uusimaa (Helsinki, 1937)

Height (cm) 160.08 (148.0 - 177.3)
Head lenght (mm) 185.97 (170-201)
Head breadth 146.72 (115-158)
Minimum frontal breadth 103.98 (94-116)
Bizygomatic diameter 128.66 (102-151)
Bigonial diameter 101.37 (86-114)
Total facial height 116.48 (99-135)
Upper facial height
Nasal breadth 31.88 (26-40)
Nasal height 51.51 (34-67)
Biorbital width
Interorbital width 31.93 (26-39)
Cephalic index 78.931 (62.16-86.52)
Facial index 90.815 (77.61-120.59)
Upper facial index
Nasal index 62.387 (47.76 - 100)
B.H.I 86.648 (74.51-116.52)
H.L.I 68.310 (59.16-82.94)

*Savo - male*
Niilo Pesonen, Anthropologische Untersuchungen an Bewohnern der Landschaft Savo (Helsinki, 1937)

Height (cm) 167.40 (158.9 - 181.6)
Head lenght 189.41 (166-214)
Head breadth 153.49 (137-174)
Minimum frontal breadth 113.20 (96-147)
Bizygomatic diameter 137.77 (105-55)
Bigonial diameter 109.19 (85-143)
Total facial height 118.11 (97-142)
Upper facial height
Nasal height 51.65 (34-68)
Nasal breadth 34.73 (27-49)
Biorbital Width
Interorbital Width 31.95 (24-40)
Cephalic index 81.109 (71.08-90.76)
Facial index 86.025 (69.86-122.86)
Upper facial index
Nasal index 68.432 (44.62-111.43)
B.H.I 85.981 (69.32-103.23)
H.L.I 69.682 (58.03-88)

*Savo - female*
Niilo Pesonen, Anthropologische Untersuchungen an Bewohnern der Landschaft Savo (Helsinki, 1937)

Height (cm) 154.5 (140.8-172.6)
Head lenght 180.36 (162-197)
Head breadth 146.89 (134-159)
Minimum frontal breadth 106.10 (88-122)
Bizygomatic diameter 129.19 (102-145)
Bigonial diameter 100.34 (81-119)
Total facial height 110.25 (86-137)
Upper facial height
Nasal height 47.58 (38-59)
Nasal breadth 30.99 (19-41)
Biorbital Width
Interorbital Width 31.19 (21-42)
Cephalic index 81.504 (71.66-92.31)
Facial index 85.564 (64.66-117.31)
Upper facial index
Nasal index 65.793 (33.33-100)
B.H.I 87.748 (72.48-104.03)
H.L.I 71.507 (58.20-87.36)

*Häme (male)*
Antti Telkkä, Anthropologische Untersuchung von Bewohnern der Landschaft Häme (Helsinki, 1952)

Height (cm) 170.55 (157-193)
Head lenght 191.37 (175-214)
Head breadth 154.85 (142-170)
Minimum frontal breadth 109.82 (94-129)
Bizygomatic diameter 141.39 (116-156)
Bigonial diameter 111.0 (85-132)
Total facial height 122.81 (96-149)
Upper facial height
Nasal height 53.72 (39-76)
Nasal breadth 35.35 (25-45)
Biorbital Width
Interorbital Width 32.09 (21-44)
Cephalic index 80.99 (72-93.79)
Facial index 87.01 (69.54-108.80)
Upper facial index
Nasal index 66.59 (40.98-100)
B.H.I 85.83 (70.51-103.16)
H.L.I 69.49 (58.73-84.46)

*Häme (female)*
Antti Telkkä, Anthropologische Untersuchung von Bewohnern der Landschaft Häme (Helsinki, 1952)

Height (cm) 158.08 (140-178)
Head lenght 182.82 (162-199)
Head breadth 148.15 (132-164)
Minimum frontal breadth 108.00 (93-130)
Bizygomatic diameter 132.71 (104-146)
Bigonial diameter 102.26 (79-127)
Total facial height 112.79 (93-138)
Upper facial height
Nasal height 50.75 (37-66)
Nasal breadth 31.85 (23-46)
Biorbital Width
Interorbital Width 30.51 (19-39)
Cephalic index 81.11 (69.11-93.36)
Facial index 85.10 (71.54-109.26)
Upper facial index
Nasal index 63.21 (43.40-97.30)
B.H.I 86.59 (67.33-107.75)
H.L.I 70.15 (55.80-87.64)

*Satakunta (male)*
Niilo Pesonen, Anthropologische Untersuchungen an Bewohnern der Landschaft Satakunta (Helsinki, 1935)

Height (cm) 170.79 (151.3-188.7)
Head lenght 191.12 (171-211)
Head breadth 153.60 (139-169)
Minimum frontal breadth 112.09 (98-130)
Bizygomatic diameter 141.63 (122-157)
Bigonial diameter 111.08 (94-128)
Total facial height 126.93 (106-155)
Upper facial height
Nasal height 57.65 (41-74)
Nasal breadth 35.32 (26-52)
Biorbital Width
Interorbital Width 32.14 (23-49)
Cephalic index 80.478 (71.50-94.15)
Facial index 89.728 (72.39-111.38)
Upper facial index
Nasal index 62.028 (40.63-93.33)
B.H.I 86.343 (66.67-102.07)
H.L.I 69.421 (52.91-81.29)

*Satakunta (female)*
Niilo Pesonen, Anthropologische Untersuchungen an Bewohnern der Landschaft Satakunta (Helsinki, 1935)

Height (cm) 159.14 (142-177.4)
Head lenght 183.05 (155-207)
Head breadth 147.64 (122-172)
Minimum frontal breadth 107.97 (90-144)
Bizygomatic diameter 132.21 (110-159)
Bigonial diameter 102.33 (80-142)
Total facial height 117.12 (91-143)
Upper facial height
Nasal height 52.57 (31-71)
Nasal breadth 31.78 (23-49)
Biorbital Width
Interorbital Width 30.40 (21-39)
Cephalic index 80.746 (67.22-96.13)
Facial index 88.777 (66.43-115.18)
Upper facial index
Nasal index 61.032 (41.07-103.23)
B.H.I 88.152 (69.33-107.48)
H.L.I 71.048 (50.59-89.33)

*Sami (male)*
Esko K. Näätänen - Über die anthropologie der Lappen in Suomi (Helsinki 1936)

Height (cm) 160.4 (142.2-175.5)
Head lenght 185.6 (167-198)
Head breadth 156.2 (137-171)
Minimum frontal breadth 107.9 (88-142)
Bizygomatic diameter 140.9 (127-155)
Bigonial diameter 109.9 (95-123)
Total facial height 111.2 (93-127)
Upper facial height
Nasal height 49.6 (34-62)
Nasal breadth 36.3 (30-47)
Biorbital Width
Interorbital Width 33.3 (26-42)
Cephalic index 84.2
Facial index 79.1 (67.4-95.5)
Upper facial index
Nasal index 74.0 (54.6-102.8)
B.H.I 80.7 (61.8-101.8)
H.L.I 67.9 (52.6-90.6)

*Sami (female)*
Esko K. Näätänen - Über die anthropologie der Lappen in Suomi (Helsinki 1936)

Height (cm) 149.1 (135.9-163.4)
Head lenght 178.4 (160-193)
Head breadth 149.8 (137-162)
Minimum frontal breadth 103.9 (86-138)
Bizygomatic diameter 131.5 (110-145)
Bigonial diameter 101.1 (85-125)
Total facial height 104.1 (85-121)
Upper facial height
Nasal height 45.9 (32-56)
Nasal breadth 33.4 (27-40)
Biorbital Width
Interorbital Width 32.4 (26-40)
Cephalic index 84.0
Facial index 79.2 (68-95.9)
Upper facial index
Nasal index 73.6 (56.9-102.6)
B.H.I 82.9 (69.2-97.2)
H.L.I 69.6 (58.8-85.1)

*Varsinais-Suomi (male) Finnish speakers (FI)*
A.O.Arho - Anthropologische Untersuchungen in den Landschaften Åland und Varsinais-Suomi (Helsinki, 1934)

Height (cm) 171.68 (150.4-193.5)
Head lenght 194.18 (177-209)
Head breadth 153.46 (141-168)
Minimum frontal breadth 111.32 (92-126)
Bizygomatic diameter 140.5 (118-157)
Bigonial diameter 110.11 (95-141)
Total facial height 131.75 (102-160)
Upper facial height
Nasal height 53.50 (38-69)
Nasal breadth 35.27 (28-44)
Biorbital Width
Interorbital Width 32.67 (24-40)
Cephalic index 79.108 (71.50-89.83)
Facial index 93.875 (71.83-115.25)
Upper facial index
Nasal index 66.632 (49.15-93.02)

*Varsinais-Suomi (female) (FI)*
A.O.Arho - Anthropologische Untersuchungen in den Landschaften Åland und Varsinais-Suomi (Helsinki, 1934)

Height (cm) 159.99 (145.3-173.9)
Head lenght 185.74 (168-199)
Head breadth 146.98 (133-161)
Minimum frontal breadth 107.29 (97-128)
Bizygomatic diameter 131.42 (110-146)
Bigonial diameter 102.2 (83-117)
Total facial height 112.57 (94-145)
Upper facial height
Nasal height 46.86 (34-64)
Nasal breadth 33.10 (26-41)
Biorbital Width
Interorbital Width 30.75 (23-38)
Cephalic index 79.201 (71.57-87.13)
Facial index 86.001 (70.15-107.26)
Upper facial index
Nasal index 72.247 (51.67-97.22)

*Åland Islands - Swedish speakers (SWE) male*
A.O.Arho - Anthropologische Untersuchungen in den Landschaften Åland und Varsinais-Suomi (Helsinki, 1934)

Height (cm) 174.23 (163.4-196)
Head lenght 196.58 (182-219)
Head breadth 155.09 (141-168)
Minimum frontal breadth 109.73 (98-124)
Bizygomatic diameter 142.82 (130-157)
Bigonial diameter 112.30 (99-128)
Total facial height 125.12 (107-146)
Upper facial height
Nasal height 54.22 (43-69)
Nasal breadth 34.88 (29-46)
Biorbital Width
Interorbital Width 32.31 (25-37)
Cephalic index 78.928 (68.95-88.17)
Facial index 87.801 (75.89-102.10)
Upper facial index
Nasal index 64.596 (44.78-84.78)

*Åland Islands (SWE) female*
A.O.Arho - Anthropologische Untersuchungen in den Landschaften Åland und Varsinais-Suomi (Helsinki, 1934)

Height (cm) 161.79 (139.4-176.3)
Head lenght 187.20 (170-208)
Head breadth 149.13 (137-164)
Minimum frontal breadth 105.00 (93-121)
Bizygomatic diameter 132.92 (117-150)
Bigonial diameter 103.02 (88-119)
Total facial height 114.40 (92-137)
Upper facial height
Nasal height 50.76 (40-64)
Nasal breadth 31.74 (25-42)
Biorbital Width
Interorbital Width 30.51 (25-36)
Cephalic index 79.715 (71.36-90.00)
Facial index 86.171 (67.83-103.31)
Upper facial index
Nasal index 62.906 (47.17-80.77)

*Åbo Archipelago (FI) male*
A.O.Arho - Anthropologische Untersuchungen in den Landschaften Åland und Varsinais-Suomi (Helsinki, 1934)

Height (cm) 172.07 (159.4-181.8)
Head lenght 196.83 (186-223)
Head breadth 157.04 (145-168)
Minimum frontal breadth 109.88 (97-118)
Bizygomatic diameter 141.64 (129-157)
Bigonial diameter 113.16 (96-145)
Total facial height 128.08 (102-140)
Upper facial height
Nasal height 56.92 (43-67)
Nasal breadth 34.76 (30-39)
Biorbital Width
Interorbital Width 31.84 (26-38)
Cephalic index 79.855 (73.74-85.87)
Facial index 90.174 (79.07-103.70)
Upper facial index
Nasal index 61.398 (49.18-84.78)

*Åbo Archipelago (FI) female*
A.O.Arho - Anthropologische Untersuchungen in den Landschaften Åland und Varsinais-Suomi (Helsinki, 1934)

Height (cm) 159.16 (147.3-165.8)
Head lenght 186.40 (179-198)
Head breadth 145.80 (136-155)
Minimum frontal breadth 107.33 (97-117)
Bizygomatic diameter 133-03 (125-141)
Bigonial diameter 104.60 (90-113)
Total facial height 119.87 (93-130)
Upper facial height
Nasal height 52.67 (37-63)
Nasal breadth 31.20 (26-36)
Biorbital Width
Interorbital Width 30.33 (26-33)
Cephalic index 78.274 (73.74-84.70)
Facial index 89.523 (70.45-97.62)
Upper facial index
Nasal index 60.551 (48.83-94.59)

*Åbo Archipelago (Swe) male*
A.O.Arho - Anthropologische Untersuchungen in den Landschaften Åland und Varsinais-Suomi (Helsinki, 1934)

Height (cm) 173.37 (160.4-187.9)
Head lenght 195.02 (179-208)
Head breadth 152.98 (130-168)
Minimum frontal breadth 109.20 (93-118)
Bizygomatic diameter 142.02 (126-161)
Bigonial diameter 110.00 (95-129)
Total facial height 127.89 (110-153)
Upper facial height
Nasal height 57.11 (42-70)
Nasal breadth 35.10 (30-42)
Biorbital Width
Interorbital Width 32.02 (27-40)
Cephalic index 78.554 (66.67-87.36)
Facial index 90.181 (74.83-110.87)
Upper facial index
Nasal index 61.810 (45.71-86.36)

*Åbo Archipelago (Swe) female*
A.O.Arho - Anthropologische Untersuchungen in den Landschaften Åland und Varsinais-Suomi (Helsinki, 1934)

Height (cm) 161.34 (151.7-171.3)
Head lenght 185.19 (168-202)
Head breadth 148.76 (136-160)
Minimum frontal breadth 104.76 (91-117)
Bizygomatic diameter 134.44 (124-143)
Bigonial diameter 105.90 (93-118)
Total facial height 117.26 (101-133)
Upper facial height
Nasal height 52.11 (42-63)
Nasal breadth 32.19 (26-38)
Biorbital Width
Interorbital Width 30.51 (25-36)
Cephalic index 80.371 (73.51-88.57)
Facial index 87.286 (76.52-100)
Upper facial index
Nasal index 62.096 (44.83-75.00)

*Southern-Ostrobothnia (FI) male*
Matti Mustakallio & Antti Telkkä, Anthropologische Untersuchung von Bewohnern Süd-Ostrobottniens (Helsinki, 1951)

Height (cm) 170.60 (153.3-187.9)
Head lenght 193.25 (179-212)
Head breadth 153.95 (142-167)
Minimum frontal breadth 111.21 (100-127)
Bizygomatic diameter 140.26 (121-157)
Bigonial diameter 111.36 (95-127)
Total facial height 129.24 (105-152)
Upper facial height
Nasal height 58.82 (44-70)
Nasal breadth 34.61 (26-47)
Biorbital Width
Interorbital Width 32.68 (24-41)
Cephalic index 79.71 (69.36-87.91)
Facial index 92.34 (73.89-112.8)
Upper facial index
Nasal index 59.20 (43.90-84.78)

*Southern-Ostrobothnia (FI) female*
Matti Mustakallio & Antti Telkkä, Anthropologische Untersuchung von Bewohnern Süd-Ostrobottniens (Helsinki, 1951)

Height (cm) 158.24 (143.8-173.9)
Head lenght 185.31 (166-202)
Head breadth 148.27 (134-160)
Minimum frontal breadth 107.01 (95-123)
Bizygomatic diameter 132.92 (119-146)
Bigonial diameter 102.70 (88-119)
Total facial height 116.53 (94-139)
Upper facial height
Nasal height 53.69 (40-71)
Nasal breadth 30.17 (24-40)
Biorbital Width
Interorbital Width 31.05 (23-41)
Cephalic index 80.239 (72.73-91.02)
Facial index 87.77 (71.76-115.50)
Upper facial index
Nasal index 56.66 (40.98-80.95)

*Southern-Ostrobothnia (SWE) male*
Matti Mustakallio & Antti Telkkä, Anthropologische Untersuchung von Bewohnern Süd-Ostrobottniens (Helsinki, 1951)

Height (cm) 171.19 (155.5-187.5)
Head lenght 190.23 (171-210)
Head breadth 153.30 (140-168)
Minimum frontal breadth 107.29 (94-120)
Bizygomatic diameter 138.01 (115-153)
Bigonial diameter 108.90 (92-126)
Total facial height 122.69 (100-141)
Upper facial height
Nasal height 54.63 (44-70)
Nasal breadth 35.59 (27-52)
Biorbital Width
Interorbital Width 32.41 (26-40)
Cephalic index 80.69 (69.65-88.52)
Facial index 89.17 (69.44-111.29)
Upper facial index
Nasal index 65.50 (42.86-88.14)

*Southern-Ostrobothnia (SWE) female*
Matti Mustakallio & Antti Telkkä, Anthropologische Untersuchung von Bewohnern Süd-Ostrobottniens (Helsinki, 1951)

Height (cm) 159.03 (144.1-173.5)
Head lenght 181.50 (164-199)
Head breadth 147.42 (132-161)
Minimum frontal breadth 104.27 (91-117)
Bizygomatic diameter 129.38 (109-145)
Bigonial diameter 101.72 (86-118)
Total facial height 112.14 (97-130)
Upper facial height
Nasal height 50.08 (32-69)
Nasal breadth 32.49 (24-51)
Biorbital Width
Interorbital Width 31.15 (24-38)
Cephalic index 81.459 (73.16-91.52)
Facial index 86.91 (72.99-107.14)
Upper facial index
Nasal index 65.25 (40.32-94.44)

*Northern-Ostrobothnia - male*
Erkki Kivalo, Anthropologische Untersuchung von Bewohnern der Landschaft Nord-Ostrobottnien (Helsinki 1957)

Height (cm) 167.62 (149.4-186.3)
Head lenght 188.40 (170-207)
Head breadth 155.78 (139-177)
Minimum frontal breadth 111.29 (92-139)
Bizygomatic diameter 139.80 (110-158)
Bigonial diameter 110.39 (93-133)
Total facial height 122.56 (100-154)
Upper facial height
Nasal height 55.03 (38-69)
Nasal breadth 35.05 (27-50)
Biorbital Width
Interorbital Width 31.64 (21-43)
Cephalic index 82.780 (72.4-93.68)
Facial index 87.853 (71.9-108.45)
Upper facial index
Nasal index 64.144 (47.54-94.74)

*Northern-Ostrobothnia - female*
Erkki Kivalo, Anthropologische Untersuchung von Bewohnern der Landschaft Nord-Ostrobottnien (Helsinki 1957)

Height (cm) 156.4 (137.9-175.5)
Head lenght 179.33 (162-197)
Head breadth 149.67 (133-172)
Minimum frontal breadth 106.06 (90-124)
Bizygomatic diameter 130.80 (111-150)
Bigonial diameter 102.50 (85-119)
Total facial height 111.31 (99-129)
Upper facial height
Nasal height 49.74 (39-60)
Nasal breadth 32.26 (25-38)
Biorbital Width
Interorbital Width 30.70 (22-39)
Cephalic index 83.527 (74.48-93.83)
Facial index 85.237 (71.74-101.57)
Upper facial index
Nasal index 65.181 (50.85-85.37)

Updated 6.9.2007 - added B.H.I and H.L.I data for Satakunta, Sami, Carelia, Häme and Savo and Nyland.

BIGONIAL DIAMETER (go-go) (bigonial breadth) - men - MAP

2007-09-01T01:11:00.000-07:00

Note - Yellow S - marks missing. But to make it clear, the same coastal areas as in the previous maps contain data measured from only Swedish speakers (excluding the Åbo Archipelago, which uses mixed data as usual)

Sources

T.Y.Roschier - Anthropologische Untersuchungen an Bewohnern der Landschaft Karjala (Helsinki, 1931)

A.O.Arho - Anthropologische Untersuchungen in den Landschaften Åland und Varsinais-Suomi (Helsinki, 1934)

Niilo Pesonen, Anthropologische Untersuchungen an Bewohnern der Landschaft Satakunta (Helsinki, 1935)

Niilo Pesonen, Anthropologische Untersuchungen an Bewohnern der Landschaft Savo (Helsinki, 1937)

L.Löfgren - über die anthropologie der Bewohner von Uusimaa (Helsinki, 1937)

Erkki Kivalo, Anthropologische Untersuchung von Bewohnern der Landschaft Nord-Ostrobottnien (Helsinki 1957)

Antti Telkkä, Anthropologische Untersuchung von Bewohnern der Landschaft Häme (Helsinki, 1952)

Matti Mustakallio & Antti Telkkä, Anthropologische Untersuchung von Bewohnern Süd-Ostrobottniens (Helsinki, 1951)

Width of the zygomatic arch (women) - MAP

2007-08-22T05:35:00.000-07:00

Yellow S = Areas where only Swedish speakers were measured

Sources

T.Y.Roschier - Anthropologische Untersuchungen an Bewohnern der Landschaft Karjala (Helsinki, 1931)

A.O.Arho - Anthropologische Untersuchungen in den Landschaften Åland und Varsinais-Suomi (Helsinki, 1934)

Niilo Pesonen, Anthropologische Untersuchungen an Bewohnern der Landschaft Satakunta (Helsinki, 1935)

Niilo Pesonen, Anthropologische Untersuchungen an Bewohnern der Landschaft Savo (Helsinki, 1937)

L.Löfgren - über die anthropologie der Bewohner von Uusimaa (Helsinki, 1937)

Erkki Kivalo, Anthropologische Untersuchung von Bewohnern der Landschaft Nord-Ostrobottnien (Helsinki 1957)

Antti Telkkä, Anthropologische Untersuchung von Bewohnern der Landschaft Häme (Helsinki, 1952)

Matti Mustakallio & Antti Telkkä, Anthropologische Untersuchung von Bewohnern Süd-Ostrobottniens (Helsinki, 1951)

Width of the zygomatic arch (men) - MAP

2007-07-04T14:49:00.000-07:00

BIGONIAL DIAMETER (go-go) (bigonial breadth)

2007-07-03T14:08:00.000-07:00

BIGONIAL DIAMETER (go-go) (bigonial breadth)
Unterkieferwinkelbreite (go-go)

- Carelia

- Carelian men - regional averages

Area 1 - 106.55 mm
2 - 107.25 mm
3 - 107.99 mm
4 - 106.00 mm
5 - 106.66 mm
6 - 108.64 mm

Carelian men on average 107.22 mm

- Carelian women - regional averages

Area 1 - 96.96 mm
2 - 98.32 mm
3 - 97.31 mm
4 - 96.82 mm
5 - 93.93 mm
6 - 94.81 mm

Carelian women on average 96.81 mm

- Sami of Finnish Lapland (men)

Utsjoki 111.5 mm
Inari 112.4 mm
Kolten 105.8 mm

Sami men on average 109.9 mm

- Sami of Finnish Lapland (women)

Utsjoki 103.4 mm
Inari 103.0 mm
Kolten 98.2 mm

Sami women on average 101.1 mm

- Nyland (Swedish speakers) men

1 - 111.92 mm
2 - 108.44 mm
3 - 111.29 mm
Nyland (Swedish speakers) men on average 110.62 mm

- Nyland (Finnish speakers) men

4 - 111.78 mm
5 - 110.38 mm
Nyland (Finnish speakers) men on average 111.07 mm

- Nyland (Swedish speakers) women

1 - 102.73 mm
2 - 99.46 mm
3 - 101.20 mm
Nyland (Swedish speakers) women on average 101.37 mm

- Nyland (Finnish speakers) women

4 - 102.80 mm
5 - 101.32 mm
Nyland (Finnish speakers) women on average 102.05 mm

Other regions will be added later! Scans for Nyland region will be added later.

Width of the zygomatic arch

2007-07-03T13:07:00.000-07:00

Jochbogenbreite (width of the zygomatic arch)

- Savo (men) regional averages

Area 1 - 138.81mm
2 - 139.77 mm
3 - 136.34 mm
4 - 138.49 mm
5 - 137.76 mm

Savo region (men) on average 137.77 mm

- Savo (women) regional averages

Savo region (women) on average 129.19 mm

Area 1 - 132.17mm
2 - 129.61 mm
3 - 127.22 mm
4 - 128.57 mm
5 - 130.80 mm

- Carelia (men) regional averages

Area 1 - 138.19mm
2 - 137.12 mm
3 - 138.36 mm
4 - 135.93 mm
5 - 135.96 mm
6 - 138.93 mm

Carelia region (men) on average 137.85 mm

- Carelia (women) regional averages

Area 1 - 128.30mm
2 - 128.73 mm
3 - 127.96 mm
4 - 125.22 mm
5 - 123.43 mm
6 - 129.14 mm

Carelia region (women) on average 126.81 mm

- Sami of Finnish Lapland

Utsjoki - 142.4 mm
Inari 143.3 mm
Kolten 137 mm

Sami men on average 140.9 mm

Utsjoki 135.mm
Inari 132.6 mm
Kolten 129.3 mm

Sami women on average 131.5 mm

- Varsinais Suomi/Finland Proper (men) regional averages

Area 3 - 140.96 mm
4 - 140.71 mm
5 - 140.38 mm

Finland Proper (men) on average 140.50 mm

- Åland Islands (men) regional averages

Area 1 - 141.99 mm
Area 2 - 143.58 mm

Åland Islands (men) on average 142.82 mm

- Åbo Archipelago(men) regional averages (Finnish speakers)

141.64 mm

- Åbo Archipelago (men) regional averages (Swedish speakers)

142.02 mm

- Varsinais Suomi/Finland Proper (women) regional averages

Area 3 - 131.94 mm
4 - 131.09 mm
5 - 131.63 mm

Finland Proper (women) on average 131.42 mm

- Åland Islands (women) regional averages

Area 1 - 131.18 mm
Area 2 - 134.19 mm

Åland Islands (women) on average 132.92mm

- Åbo Archipelago(women) regional averages (Finnish speakers)

133.93 mm

- Åbo Archipelago (women) regional averages (Swedish speakers)

134.44 mm

- Nyland (Swedish speakers - men)

1 - 133.15 mm
2 - 135.98 mm
3 - 125.75 mm
Nyland (Swedish speakers) men on average 130.85 mm

- Nyland (Finnish speakers - men)

4 - 140.11 mm
5 - 138.01 mm
Nyland (Finnish speakers) men on average 139.04 mm

- Nyland (Swedish speakers - women)

1 - 129.29 mm
2 - 130.41 mm
3 - 126.87 mm
Nyland (Swedish speakers) women on average 128.66 mm

- Nyland (Finnish speakers - women)

4 - 130.55 mm
5 - 130.32 mm
Nyland (Finnish speakers) women on average 130.43 mm

Data for other regions will be added later!

Savo region

2007-04-02T01:14:00.000-07:00

Extracts from Niilo Pesonen, Anthropologische Untersuchungen an Bewohnern der Landschaft Savo (Helsinki, 1937) Please remember that the 1930's data on height for example is absolutely void.

Frontpage

Average height (men)

1. 166.82 cm
2. 166.76 cm
3. 168.06 cm
4. 165.80 cm
5. 167.33 cm
Savonian men on average 167.40 cm

The tallest area on average was Area 3 (Anttola, Haukivuori, Hirvensalmi, Joroinen, Juva, Jäppilä, Kangasniemi, Mäntyharju, Pertunmaa, Pieksämäki, Ristiina, Virtasalmi, Pieksämä and Mikkeli)

Average height (women)

1. 154.30 cm
2. 154.45 cm
3. 154.53 cm
4. 152.26 cm
5. 155.78 cm
Savonian women on average 154.53 cm

The tallest area on average was Area 5 (Joutseno, Lappee, Lemi, Luumäki, Ruokolahti, Savitaipale, Suomenniemi, Taipalsaari, Lauritsala and Lappeenranta.)

Men divided by height, into groups of short, medium-tall and tall

small (-159.9cm)
medium-tall (160-169.9cm)
tall (170.0 - x)

Women divided by height, into groups of short, medium-tall and tall

small (-148.9cm)
medium-tall (149-158.9cm)
tall (159.0 - x)

Head length and breadth averages (men)

1. 190.58 mm
2. 190.20 mm
3. 188.70 mm
4. 190.49 mm
5. 189.31 mm
Savonian men on average 189.41 mm

Longest heads on average were found in Area 1 (Kiuruvesi, Lapinlahti, Pielavesi, Sonkajärvi, Varpaisjärvi, Vieremä and Iisalmi.)

1. 153.54 mm
2. 154.40 mm
3. 153.18 mm
4. 152.51 mm
5. 152.90 mm
Savonian men on average 153.49 mm

Widest heads on average were found in Area 2 (Juankoski, Karttula, Leppävirta, Maaninka, Muuruvesi, Nilsiä, Riistavesi, Siilinjärvi, Suonenjoki, Tervo, Tuusniemi, Vehmersalmi, Varkaus and Kuopio.)

Head lenght and breadth - Frequency table (men)

This post will be updated later on with more scans (including female head length/breadth data and so forth)

Head length and breadth averages (women)

1. 181.88 mm
2. 179.95 mm
3. 180.25 mm
4. 179.71 mm
5. 181.85 mm
Savonian women on average 180.36 mm

Longest heads on average were found in Area 1 ((Kiuruvesi, Lapinlahti, Pielavesi, Sonkajärvi, Varpaisjärvi, Vieremä and Iisalmi.)

1. 147.58 mm
2. 146.52 mm
3. 146.82 mm
4. 145.79 mm
5. 148.73 mm
Savonian women on average 146.89 mm

Widest heads on average were found in Area 5 (Joutseno, Lappee, Lemi, Luumäki, Ruokolahti, Savitaipale, Suomenniemi, Taipalsaari, Lauritsala and Lappeenranta.)

Male facial index - a summary

2007-03-23T16:14:00.000-07:00

This post will updated with more information, so those who are interested may want to check back for further updates in this post.

88.0 - 92.9 = leptoprosopic (long-/narrow-faced)
93.0 - = hyperleptoprosopic (very long-/narrow-faced)

Combined percetages of lepto and hyperleptoprosopics (long/very long/narrow faced induviduals)

Combined percetages of lepto and hyperleptoprosopics (long/very long/narrow faced), colour indicated map

Combined percetages of lepto and hyperleptoprosopics (long/very long/narrow faced), colour indicated map - a simplified version

Hyperleptoprosopics

Leptoprosopics

Mesoprosopics

Hypereuryprosopics

- 78.9 = hypereuryprosopic (very short-/broad-faced)
79.0 - 83.9 = euryprosopic (short-/broad-faced)

Combined percentages of eury and hypereuryprosopics (very short/short/broad faced)

Combined percentages of eury and hypereuryprosopics (very short/short/broad faced), colour indicated map

Early conclusions - The least amount of narrow/long-faced induviduals are found in eastern Savo (which seems to form a belt of broad-facedness), but the areas differ greatly from Carelia and southwest-Savo for example. Nothing points to a steady decline of lepto and hyperleptoprosopics in the west -> east direction with parts of Satakunta, Häme and Finland proper falling out of the coastal "black belt" that reaches from Lake Ladoga to Ostrobothnia. According to this data, the absolutely most narrow/long-faced people were the Swedish speakers of Nyland. This text will be modified when more data is added and more thoughts will be added later.

Carelia

Hypereuryprosop 6,4%
Euryprosop 18%
Mesoprosop 21.8%
Leptoprosop 31.2%
Hyperleptoprosop 22.7%

short-faced group = 24,4%
medium faced group = 21,8%
long faced group = 53,9%

Savo

Hypereuryprosop 17,7%
Euryprosop 26,8%
Mesoprosop 21,6%
Leptoprosop 17,7%
Hyperleptoprosop 16,2%

short-faced group = 44,5%
medium faced group = 21,6%
long faced group = 33,9%

Häme

Hypereuryprosop 8,3%
Euryprosop 23,7%
Mesoprosop 28.4%
Leptoprosop 24,9%
Hyperleptoprosop 14,7%

short-faced group = 32%
medium faced group = 28,4%
long faced group = 39,6%

Satakunta

Hypereuryprosop 4,5%
Euryprosop 13,6%
Mesoprosop 26.9%
Leptoprosop 29,4%
Hyperleptoprosop 25,6%

short-faced group = 18,1%
medium faced group = 26,9%
long faced group = 55%

Åland

Hypereuryprosop 3,9%
Euryprosop 24,2%
Mesoprosop 22.5%
Leptoprosop 30,2%
Hyperleptoprosop 19,2%

short-faced group = 28,1%
medium faced group = 22,5%
long faced group = 49,4%

Turku Archipelago (Swedish speakers)

Hypereuryprosop 3,3%
Euryprosop 9,8%
Mesoprosop 24.6%
Leptoprosop 33,6%
Hyperleptoprosop 28,7%

short-faced group = 13,1%
medium faced group = 24,6%
long faced group = 62,3%

Turku Archipelago (Finnish speakers)

Hypereuryprosop 0%
Euryprosop 12%
Mesoprosop 24%
Leptoprosop 36%
Hyperleptoprosop 28%

short-faced group = 12%
medium faced group = 24%
long faced group = 64%

Varsinais-Suomi

Hypereuryprosop 4,5%
Euryprosop 7,5%
Mesoprosop 13%
Leptoprosop 18,1%
Hyperleptoprosop 56,9%

short-faced group = 12%
medium faced group = 13%
long faced group = 75%

Southern-Ostrobothnia (Swedish speakers)

Hypereuryprosop 4,6%
Euryprosop 15,1%
Mesoprosop 26,4%
Leptoprosop 32%
Hyperleptoprosop 21,8%

short-faced group = 19,7%
medium faced group = 26,4%
long faced group = 53,8%

Southern-Ostrobothnia (Finnish speakers)

Hypereuryprosop 1,7%
Euryprosop 7,1%
Mesoprosop 17,6%
Leptoprosop 30,5%
Hyperleptoprosop 43,1%

short-faced group = 8,8%
medium faced group = 17,6%
long faced group = 73,6%

Nyland (Swedish speakers)

Hypereuryprosop 0,96%
Euryprosop 4,8%
Mesoprosop 7,67%
Leptoprosop 15,79%
Hyperleptoprosop 70,88%

short-faced group = 5,76%
medium faced group = 7,67%
long faced group = 86,67%

Nyland (Finnish speakers)

Hypereuryprosop 4,35%
Euryprosop 15,22%
Mesoprosop 20,1%
Leptoprosop 32,06%
Hyperleptoprosop 34,23%

short-faced group = 19,57%
medium faced group = 20,1%
long faced group = 66,29%

Northern Ostrobothnia

Hypereuryprosop 5,55%
Euryprosop 21,8%
Mesoprosop 26,6%
Leptoprosop 26,1%
Hyperleptoprosop 19,9%

short-faced group = 27,35%
medium faced group = 26,6%
long faced group = 46%

Similar data for females and more updates on this post will follow later on. The data for Nyland had to be calculated from a frequency table since Löfgren's publication lacked any tables with percentages (only frequency percentages) so there may be minor errors in percentages for Nyland, but only minor.

T.Y.Roschier - Anthropologische Untersuchungen an Bewohnern der Landschaft Karjala (Helsinki, 1931)

A.O.Arho - Anthropologische Untersuchungen in den Landschaften Åland und Varsinais-Suomi (Helsinki, 1934)

Niilo Pesonen, Anthropologische Untersuchungen an Bewohnern der Landschaft Satakunta (Helsinki, 1935)

Niilo Pesonen, Anthropologische Untersuchungen an Bewohnern der Landschaft Savo (Helsinki, 1937)
L.Löfgren - über die anthropologie der Bewohner von Uusimaa (Helsinki, 1937)

Erkki Kivalo, Anthropologische Untersuchung von Bewohnern der Landschaft Nord-Ostrobottnien (Helsinki 1957)

Antti Telkkä, Anthropologische Untersuchung von Bewohnern der Landschaft Häme (Helsinki, 1952)

Matti Mustakallio & Antti Telkkä, Anthropologische Untersuchung von Bewohnern Süd-Ostrobottniens (Helsinki, 1951)

The Sami of Finnish Lapland

2007-02-22T01:39:00.000-08:00

Extracts from "über die anthropologie der Lappen in Suomi" by Esko.K.Näätänen (Published by the Finnish Academy of Science in Helsinki, 1936)

Groups - Utsjoki (U), Inari (I) and Kolten (K) (meaning Skolt Sami)

Height (average) - men by area

Utsjoki 162.2cm
Inari 161.1cm
Kolten 157.7cm

Average for men - 160.4cm

Height (average) - females by area

Utsjoki 151.0cm
Inari 149.9cm
Kolten 146.9cm

Average for females - 149.1cm

Height (frequency table)

Height (averages)

Morphological Facial-index (average) - men by area

Utsjoki 77.4
Inari 76.0
Kolten 83.8

Average for men - 79.1 (Euryprosopic)

Morphological Facial-index (average) - females by area

Utsjoki 77.7
Inari 78.3
Kolten 80.8

Average for females - 79.2 (Euryprosopic)

Morphological Facial Index - (Distribution) - Men by area

Utsjoki
Hypereuryprosop 62.5%
Euryprosop 29.2%
Mesoprosop 2.8%
Leptoprosop 5.5%

Inari
Hypereuryprosop 76.4%
Euryprosop 21.6%
Mesoprosop 2.0%

Kolten
Hypereuryprosop 19.3%
Euryprosop 31.6%
Mesoprosop 22.8%
Leptoprosop 21.0%
Hyperleptoprosop 5.3%

Morphological Facial Index - (Distribution) - Females by area

Utsjoki
Hypereuryprosop 61.3%
Euryprosop 27.3%
Mesoprosop 9.1%
Hyperleptoprosop 2.3%

Inari
Hypereuryprosop 61.3%
Euryprosop 16.1%
Mesoprosop 10.7%
Leptoprosop 7.1%
Hyperleptoprosop 1.8%

Kolten
Hypereuryprosop 38.9%
Euryprosop 33.3%
Mesoprosop 11.1%
Leptoprosop 12.5%
Hyperleptoprosop 4.2%

Morphological Facial Index (averages)

Morphological F.I (distribution)

Morphological F.I (frequencies)

Cephalic index (averages) - men by area

Utsjoki 84.4
Inari 85.1
Kolten 83.3

Average for men 84.2

Cephalic index (averages) - females by area

Utsjoki 84.2
Inari 85.6
Kolten 82.8

Average for females 84.0

Cephalic index (distribution) - men by area

Utsjoki
Mesocephalic 12.3%
Brachycephalic 50.7%
Hyperbrachycephalic 37.0%

Inari
Mesocephalic 5.9%
Brachycephalic 52.9%
Hyperbrachycephalic 41.2%

Kolten
Dolichocephalic 1.8%
Mesocephalic 17.6%
Brachycephalic 57.8%
Hyperbrachycephalic 22.8%

Cephalic index (distribution) - females by area

Utsjoki
Mesocephalic 10.9%
Brachycephalic 56.5%
Hyperbrachycephalic 32.6%

Inari
Mesocephalic 5.4%
Brachycephalic 48.2%
Hyperbrachycephalic 46.4%

Kolten
Mesocephalic 24.7%
Brachycephalic 57.5%
Hyperbrachycephalic 17.8%

Cephalic index (averages)

Cephalic index (frequencies)

Cephalic index (distribution)

Nose shapes

Strongly concave (stark konkav)
Slightly concave (wenig konkav)
Straight (gerade)
Convex (konvex)
Wavy (wellig)

Utsjoki (men)

Strongly concave 9.7%
Slightly concave 36.1%
Straight 27.8%
Convex 18.1%
Wavy 8.3%

Utsjoki (females)

Strongly concave 14.3%
Slightly concave 40.5
Straight 23.8%
Convex 14.3%
Wavy 7.1%

Inari (men)

Strongly concave 14.9%
Slightly concave 66.0%
Straight 6.4%
Convex 4.3%
Wavy 8.5%

Inari (females)

Strongly concave 25.0%
Slightly concave 55.4%
Straight 14.3%
Convex 0%
Wavy 5.4%

Kolten (men)

Strongly concave 3.6%
Slightly concave 60.7%
Straight 21.4%
Convex 7.1%
Wavy 7.1%

Kolten (females)

Strongly concave 29.4%
Slightly concave 50.0%
Straight 14.7%
Convex 5.9%
Wavy 0%

Table with information on nose shape, height/widht of nasal root etc.

Nasal index distribution (male/female)

Face shape, height, width

Head length and height (averages)

Length-Height Index (L.H.I) and Breadth-Height Index (B.H.I) of the head (averages for male/female)

Hair and eye-colour (male/female)

Average Morphological Facial Index - Finland - Women

2007-02-21T03:45:00.000-08:00

Average Morphological Facial Index by region - Finland - Women

- 78.9 = hypereuryprosopic (very short-/broad-faced)
79.0 - 83.9 = euryprosopic (short-/broad-faced)
84.0 - 87.9 = mesoprosopic (moderate in facial form)
88.0 - 92.9 = leptoprosopic (long-/narrow-faced)
93.0 - = hyperleptoprosopic (very long-/narrow-faced)

*Note, the border for hyperleptoprosopicsm is 95-96 for the skull and 93 for the living females.
*Note, some omit the mesoprosopic group and instead use a wider group for euryprosopic F.I. 80.0 - 89.9 = euryprosopic (short-/broad-faced). All these studies have the mesoprosopic group to distinguish between moderate broad/short faces etc.

Map with regional averages and a colour indicated map.

There's no yellow 'S' on the maps due to a mistake on my behalf. The same areas have only data of Swedish speakers as usual (see the previous post on male facial indexes for more info)

Overall on average the women appear to be more broad-faced than men. As with men, the average F.I for most areas fell into the category of moderate facial forms (mesoprosopic).

Data taken from the following publications

T.Y.Roschier - Anthropologische Untersuchungen an Bewohnern der Landschaft Karjala (Helsinki, 1931)

A.O.Arho - Anthropologische Untersuchungen in den Landschaften Åland und Varsinais-Suomi (Helsinki, 1934)

Niilo Pesonen, Anthropologische Untersuchungen an Bewohnern der Landschaft Satakunta (Helsinki, 1935)

Niilo Pesonen, Anthropologische Untersuchungen an Bewohnern der Landschaft Savo (Helsinki, 1937)

L.Löfgren - über die anthropologie der Bewohner von Uusimaa (Helsinki, 1937)

Erkki Kivalo, Anthropologische Untersuchung von Bewohnern der Landschaft Nord-Ostrobottnien (Helsinki 1957)

Antti Telkkä, Anthropologische Untersuchung von Bewohnern der Landschaft Häme (Helsinki, 1952)

Average Morphological Facial Index - Finland - Men

2007-02-20T07:25:00.000-08:00

Average Morphological Facial Index by region - Finland - Men

- 78.9 = hypereuryprosopic (very short-/broad-faced)
79.0 - 83.9 = euryprosopic (short-/broad-faced)
84.0 - 87.9 = mesoprosopic (moderate in facial form)
88.0 - 92.9 = leptoprosopic (long-/narrow-faced)
93.0 - = hyperleptoprosopic (very long-/narrow-faced)

*Note, the border for hyperleptoprosopicsm is 95-96 for the skull and 93 for the living males.

Map with regional averages and a colour indicated map

The yellow 'S' indicates that in those areas only Swedish speakers were studied. Mixed data of Finnish and Swedish speakers has been used for the Turku/Åbo Archipelago.

The most long/narrow-faced people according to this data were the Swedish-speakers of Nyland. In comparison the Swedish-speakers of Southern-Ostrobothnia were more broad-faced than the Finnish speakers of Ostrobothnia. According to the studies, there seems to be quite a bit of anthropological differences between the Swedish speaking groups of Nyland, Åland, Abo Archipelago and Ostrobothnia, but that matter deserves its own topic/time and place.

Data taken from

T.Y.Roschier - Anthropologische Untersuchungen an Bewohnern der Landschaft Karjala (Helsinki, 1931)

A.O.Arho - Anthropologische Untersuchungen in den Landschaften Åland und Varsinais-Suomi (Helsinki, 1934)

Niilo Pesonen, Anthropologische Untersuchungen an Bewohnern der Landschaft Satakunta (Helsinki, 1935)

Niilo Pesonen, Anthropologische Untersuchungen an Bewohnern der Landschaft Savo (Helsinki, 1937)
L.Löfgren - über die anthropologie der Bewohner von Uusimaa (Helsinki, 1937)

Erkki Kivalo, Anthropologische Untersuchung von Bewohnern der Landschaft Nord-Ostrobottnien (Helsinki 1957)

Antti Telkkä, Anthropologische Untersuchung von Bewohnern der Landschaft Häme (Helsinki, 1952)

More detailed summaries will be posted at a later date. A post with data for Carelian men (with scan) is available.

Morphological Facial Index - Carelia - Men

2007-02-20T06:13:00.000-08:00

This is data for Carelian men, taken from T.Y.Roschier - Anthropologische Untersuchungen an Bewohnern der Landschaft Karjala (Helsinki, 1931)

Morphological Facial Index

- 78.9 = hypereuryprosopic (very short-/broad-faced)
79.0 - 83.9 = euryprosopic (short-/broad-faced)
84.0 - 87.9 = mesoprosopic (moderate in facial form)
88.0 - 92.9 = leptoprosopic (long-/narrow-faced)
93.0 - = hyperleptoprosopic (very long-/narrow-faced)

Area 1

4.9% Hypereuryprosopic
14.6% Euryprosopic
34.1% Mesoprosopic
36.6% Leptoprosopic
9.8% Hyperleptoprosopic

Area 2

10% Hypereuryprosopic
22.2% Euryprosopic
18.9% Mesoprosopic
30.0% Leptoprosopic
18.9% Hyperleptoprosopic

Area 3

9.6% Hypereuryprosopic
21.3% Euryprosopic
26.4% Mesoprosopic
28.9% Leptoprosopic
13.7% Hyperleptoprosopic

Area 4

4.5% Hypereuryprosopic
16.9% Euryprosopic
15.4% Mesoprosopic
33.3% Leptoprosopic
29.9% Hyperleptoprosopic

Area 5

3.8% Hypereuryprosopic
15.0% Euryprosopic
20.0% Mesoprosopic
25.0% Leptoprosopic
36.3% Hyperleptoprosopic

Area 6

3.5% Hypereuryprosopic
13.9% Euryprosopic
24.3% Mesoprosopic
34.8% Leptoprosopic
23.5% Hyperleptoprosopic

Errors

2007-02-20T00:15:00.000-08:00

Thanks to Len at biodiversityforum for pointing out the difference between cranial index (dry cranium) and index of living humans (cephalic index). This is what you get when you're an amateur...

So the stricter values of under 75 (dolichocranial), 75-79.9 (mesocranial), over 80 (brachycranial) and 85-89.9 (hyperbrachycranial) are for dry cranium and represent cranial indexes.

And the cephalic indexes for living humans are the one's mentioned earlier Dolichocephalic x- 75.9, Mesocephalic 76-80.9, Brachycephalic 81-85.4 and Hyperbrachycephalic 85.5-x.

So the point is that there's no real use in re-calculating the existing data into a stricter system, since the subjects of the studies were all living people.

Finland - Average cephalic indexes - Women

2007-01-28T07:59:00.000-08:00

Finland - Average cephalic indexes - Men

2007-01-28T03:30:00.000-08:00

Continuation to the previous posts. A map of percentages taken from the previously mentioned studies and a map with colour indicators.

Finland - Cephalic indexes - WOMEN (maps)

2007-01-25T00:05:00.000-08:00

Dolichocephalic x- 75.9
Mesocephalic 76-80.9
Brachycephalic 81-85.4
Hyperbrachycephalic 85.5-x

This is data about women, the cephalic index-data is based on the publications of

T.Y.Roschier - Anthropologische Untersuchungen an Bewohnern der Landschaft Karjala (Helsinki, 1931)

A.O.Arho - Anthropologische Untersuchungen in den Landschaften Åland und Varsinais-Suomi (Helsinki, 1934)

Niilo Pesonen, Anthropologische Untersuchungen an Bewohnern der Landschaft Satakunta (Helsinki, 1935)

Niilo Pesonen, Anthropologische Untersuchungen an Bewohnern der Landschaft Savo (Helsinki, 1937)

L.Löfgren - über die anthropologie der Bewohner von Uusimaa (Helsinki, 1937)

Erkki Kivalo, Anthropologische Untersuchung von Bewohnern der Landschaft Nord-Ostrobttnien (Helsinki 1957)

Antti Telkkä, Anthropologische Untersuchung von Bewohnern der Landschaft Häme (Helsinki, 1952)

Finland - Cephalic indexes - MEN (maps)

2007-01-22T12:51:00.000-08:00

Dolichocephalic x- 75.9
Mesocephalic 76-80.9
Brachycephalic 81-85.4
Hyperbrachycephalic 85.5-x

This is data about men, the cephalic index-data is based on the publications of

Data of Finland's Sami-people has been excluded from these maps (Esko K. Näätänen - über die Anthropologie der Lappen in Suomi (Helsinki, 1936, 1937)

No data is available for central-Ostrobothnia as far as anthropological zones and part of coastal Central-Ostrobothnia was studied along Southern-Ostrobothnia (Telkkä/Mustakallio). So therefor that zone has been left blank in all maps. Those areas where the measures come from only Swedish speakers of that area (this was mentioned in the studies) have been marked with a YELLOW letter S to signify "Swedish". The Turku/Åbo Archipelago contains mixed data of Finnish and Swedish speakers, separated data is also available but not used in this case.

Dolichocephalic men

Mesocephalic men

Brachycephalic men

Hyperbrachycephalic men

Similar maps for women will be made available at a later date. Also data based on stricter classification of cephalic indexes, such as excluding anyone with an over 75 C.I from the dolichocephalic category. This requires re-calculations of the regional indexes based on the frequency tables featured in the studies and takes time. The result of those re-calculations will most likely be, that all areas will have an increase in the brachycephalic categories to a certain extent.

This date is from the 1930's and 1950's and is the latest available data on Finnish people. Finland was mainly a poor rural nation in those days so the effect of living standards might be seen in certain regional differences.

Cephalic Indexes - Northern Ostrobothnia (Pohjois-Pohjanmaa)

2007-01-17T13:44:00.000-08:00

Map of northern-Ostrobothnia & anthropological areas

Gebiet 1 - Muonio, Kolari, Turtola, Ylitornio, Karunki, Alatornio, Tornio
Gebiet 2 - Kittilä, Sodankylä, Savukoski, Pelkosenniemi, Rovaniemi, Kemijärvi, Salla
Gebiet 3 - Tervola, kemi, Simo, Kuivaniemi, Ii, Yli-Ii
Gebiet 4 - Ranua, Posio, Kuusamo, Pudasjärvi, Taivalkoski
Gebiet 5 - Hailuoto, Haukipudas, Kiiminki, Ylikiiminki, Oulunsalo, Oulu, Lumijoki, Kempele, Oulunjoki, Liminka, Tyrnävä, Temmes, Muhos, Utajärvi
Gebiet 6 - Puolanka, Suomussalmi, Säräisniemi, Paltamo, Ristijärvi, Vuolijoki, Kajaani, Sotkamo, Kuhmo
Gebiet 7 - Siikajoki, Pattijoki, Raahe, Saloinen, Revonlahti, Paavola, Rantsila, Pyhäjoki, Vihanti, Merijärvi, Oulainen, Kalajoki, Rautio, Alavieska, Ylivieska
Gebiet 8 - Sievi, Nivala, Haapavesi, Pulkkila, Kestilä, Haapajärvi, Kärsämäki, Piippola, Pyhäntä, Reisjärvi, Pyhäjärvi

Male cephalic indexes

Gebiet 1

Dolichocephalic 2.5%
Mesocephalic 39.5%
Brachycephalic 40.7%
Hyperbrachycephalic 17.3%

Gebiet 2

Dolichocephalic 3.6%
Mesocephalic 34.9%
Brachycephalic 45.6%
Hyperbrachycephalic 16%

Gebiet 3

Dolichocephalic 0%
Mesocephalic 37.9%
Brachycephalic 58.6%
Hyperbrachycephalic 3.5%

Gebiet 4

Dolichocephalic 0%
Mesocephalic 8.2%
Brachycephalic 37.8%
Hyperbrachycephalic 54.1%

Gebiet 5

Dolichocephalic 3.1%
Mesocephalic 27.7%
Brachycephalic 55.4%
Hyperbrachycephalic 13.9%

Gebiet 6

Dolichocephalic 2.8%
Mesocephalic 22.2%
Brachycephalic 58%
Hyperbrachycephalic 17.1%

Gebiet 7

Dolichocephalic 0%
Mesocephalic 36.4%
Brachycephalic 45.5%
Hyperbrachycephalic 18.2%

Gebiet 8

Dolichocephalic 0%
Mesocephalic 12.5%
Brachycephalic 68.8%
Hyperbrachycephalic 18.8%

Averages for all men

Dolichocephalic 2.2%
Mesocephalic 26.9%
Brachycephalic 49.6%
Hyperbrachycephalic 21.3%

Female cephalic indexes

Gebiet 1

Dolichocephalic 7.7%
Mesocephalic 34.6%
Brachycephalic 50%
Hyperbrachycephalic 7.7%

Gebiet 2

Dolichocephalic 4.4%
Mesocephalic 26.1%
Brachycephalic 43.5%
Hyperbrachycephalic 26.1%

Gebiet 3 & 5

Dolichocephalic 11.8%
Mesocephalic 47.1%
Brachycephalic 29.4%
Hyperbrachycephalic 11.8%

Gebiet 4

Dolichocephalic 0%
Mesocephalic 3.3%
Brachycephalic 45%
Hyperbrachycephalic 51.7%

Gebiet 6

Dolichocephalic 0%
Mesocephalic 14.6%
Brachycephalic 57.3%
Hyperbrachycephalic 28.1%

Gebiet 7

Dolichocephalic 8.3%
Mesocephalic 20.8%
Brachycephalic 54.2%
Hyperbrachycephalic 16.7%

Gebiet 8

Dolichocephalic 10%
Mesocephalic 40%
Brachycephalic 30%
Hyperbrachycephalic 20%

Averages for all women

Dolichocephalic 3.2%
Mesocephalic 18.9%
Brachycephalic 49%
Hyperbrachycephalic 28.9%

Erkki Kivalo - Anthropologische Untersuchung Von Bewohnern Der Landschaft Nord-Ostrobottnien, Helsinki 1957

Savolax region - Correlation of hair/eye colour with cephalic index

2007-01-14T05:32:00.000-08:00

1. Helle augen: helle (blane, graue, gelbliche oder grünliche)
Iris oder helle Iris mit einigen unbedeutenden braunen Streifen,
Punkten oder Flecken (light-eyed)

2. Melierte Augen: melierte Iris oder helle Iris mit brauner
Aureole (mixed-eyed)

3. Braune Augen: hell - oder dunkelbraune Iris. (brown-eyed)

1. Hellblond - hell - und aschblondes haar (blond + ashblond)
2. Dunkelblond: dunkelblondes und hellbraunes haar (dark-blond and light-brown)
3. Braun - dunkelbraunes und rötlichbraunes haar (dark-brown and red-brown)
4. Braunschwarz: braunschwarzes haar (brown-black)
5. Schwarz: schwarzes haar (black)
6. Rot: rotes Haar (red)
7. Albinotisch: albinotisch haar (albino)

Chart - male and female hair and eye colour

Male eyes

Cephalic index Under 76.4

1) Light-eyed 78.8%
2) Mixed-eyed 6.1%
3) Brown-eyed 15.1%

Cephalic index 76.5-79.4

1) Light-eyed 88.1%
2) Mixed-eyed 4.8%
3) Brown-eyed 7.1%

Cephalic index 79.5 - 82.4

1) Light-eyed 89.4%
2) Mixed-eyed 2.1%
3) Brown-eyed 8.5%

Cephalic index 82.5-85.4

1) Light-eyed 88%
2) Mixed-eyed 3%
3) Brown-eyed 9%

Cephalic index 85.5-88.4

1) Light-eyed 85.2%
2) Mixed-eyed 5.6%
3) Brown-eyed 9.2%

Cephalic index 88.5-91.4

1) Light-eyed 86.6%
2) Mixed-eyed 6.7%
3) Brown-eyed 6.7%

Male hair

Cephalic index under 76.4

1) Blond 2%
2) Dark-Blond 51%
3) Brown 26.5%
4) Brown/Black 10.2%
5) Black 10.2%
6) Red
7) Albino

Cephalic index 76.5 - 79.4

1) Blond 2.7%
2) Dark-Blond 49.6%
3) Brown 27.4%
4) Brown/Black 13.3%
5) Black 6.8%
6) Red
7) Albino

Cephalic index 79.5-82.4

1) Blond 4.3%
2) Dark-Blond 41.6%
3) Brown 32.3%
4) Brown/Black 16.1%
5) Black 5.6%
6) Red
7) Albino

Cephalic index 82.5-85.4

1) Blond 1.7%
2) Dark-Blond 48.7%
3) Brown 28.2%
4) Brown/Black 12.8%
5) Black 8.5%
6) Red
7) Albino

Cephalic index 85.5-88.4

1) Blond 6.1%
2) Dark-Blond 46.9%
3) Brown 22.4%
4) Brown/Black 16.3%
5) Black 8.2%
6) Red
7) Albino

Cephalic index 88.5-91.4

1) Blond 0%
2) Dark-Blond 27.3%
3) Brown 36.4%
4) Brown/Black 9.1%
5) Black 18.2%
6) Red
7) Albino 9.1%

Female eyes

Cephalic index under 76.4

1) Light-eyed 90.5%
2) Mixed-eyed 0%
3) Brown-eyed 9.5%

Cephalic index 76.5-79.4

1) Light-eyed 85.5%
2) Mixed-eyed 0%
3) Brown-eyed 14.5%

Cephalic index 79.5-82.4

1) Light-eyed 81.7%
2) Mixed-eyed 0%
3) Brown-eyed 18.3%

Cephalic index 82.5-85.4

1) Light-eyed 77.8%
2) Mixed-eyed 0%
3) Brown-eyed 22.2%

Cephalic index 85.5-88.4

1) Light-eyed 93.3%
2) Mixed-eyed 0%
3) Brown-eyed 6.7%

Cephalic index 88.5-91.4

1) Light-eyed 100%
2) Mixed-eyed 0%
3) Brown-eyed 0%

Cephalic index 91.5-x

1) Light-eyed 66.7%
2) Mixed-eyed 0%
3) Brown-eyed 33.3%

Female Hair

Cephalic index under 76.4

1) Blond 0%
2) Dark-Blond 50%
3) Brown 36.4%
4) Brown/Black 13.6%
5) Black 0%
6) Red
7) Albino

Cephalic index 76.5-79.4

1) Blond 2.9%
2) Dark-Blond 44.3%
3) Brown 37.1%
4) Brown/Black 11.4%
5) Black 4.3%
6) Red
7) Albino

Cephalic index 79.5-82.4

1) Blond 3.5%
2) Dark-Blond 42.6%
3) Brown 31.9%
4) Brown/Black 19.1%
5) Black 2.1%
6) Red
7) Albino 0.7%

Cephalic index 82.5-85.4

1) Blond 5%
2) Dark-Blond 42%
3) Brown 31%
4) Brown/Black 21%
5) Black 1%
6) Red
7) Albino

Cephalic index 85.5-88.4%

1) Blond 0%
2) Dark-Blond 48.3%
3) Brown 34.5%
4) Brown/Black 17.2%
5) Black 0%
6) Red
7) Albino

Cephalic index 88.5-91.4

1) Blond 22.%
2) Dark-Blond 22.2%
3) Brown 55.5%
4) Brown/Black
5) Black
6) Red
7) Albino

Cephalic index 91.5 -

1) Blond 0%
2) Dark-Blond 33.3%
3) Brown 33.3%
4) Brown/Black 33.3%
5) Black
6) Red
7) Albino

Satakunta - Cephalic indexes

2007-01-14T05:11:00.000-08:00

Dolichocephalic x- 75.9
Mesocephalic 76-80.9
Brachycephalic 81-85.4
Hyperbrachycephalic 85.5-x

Gebiet 1 - Merikarvia, Siikainen, Ahlainen,
Pomarkku, Reposaari, Noormarkku, Kultaa, Ulvila,
Luvia, Nakkila, Eurajoki, Kiukainen, Eura, Lappi,
Hinnerjoki, Honkilahti, Rauma, Pori

Gebiet 2 - Kihniö, Parkano, Karvia, Honkajoki, Kankaanpää,
Jämijärvi, Viljakkala, Hämeenkyrö, Ikaalinen

Gebiet 3 - Soini, Ähtäri, Multia, Virrat, Pihlajavesi, Keuru

Gebiet 4 - Lavia, Suodenniemi, Mouhijärvi, Suoniemi, Kiikoinen,
Karkku, Salokunta, Tyrvää, Kiikka, Kauvatsa, Harjavalta,
Kokemäki, Keikyä, Köyliö, Huittinen, Punkalaidun, Säkylä,
Vampula, Alastaro, Metsämaa, Oripää, Mellilä, Vammala, Loimaa

Gebiet 5 - Kuru, Ruovesi, Pohjaslahti, Vilppula, Mänttä, Teisko,
Orivesi, Juupajoki, Ylöjärvi, Aitolahti, Messukylä, Eräjärvi,
Kuhmalahti, Sahalahti, Kangasala, Pohjois-Pirkkala, Etelä-Pirkkala,
Tottijärvi, Vesilahti, Viiala, Lempäälä, Tampere

Gebiet S - Satakunta

Male cephalic indexes/frequency table

All men

Dolichocephalic 10.7%
Mesocephalic 46.3%
Brachycephalic 34.9%
Hyperbrachycephalic 8.1%

Most dolichocephalic area - Gebiet 1 (16.6%)
Least dolichocephalic area - Gebiet 3 (2.2%)
Most mesocephalic area - Gebiet 2 (52.4%)
Least mesocephalic area - Gebiet 3 (33.7%)
Most brachycephalic area - Gebiet 3 (48.3%)
Least brachycephalic area - Gebiet 2 (19%)
Most hyperbrachycephalic area - Gebiet 3 (15.7%)
Least hyperbrachycephalic area - Gebiet 1 (3.1%)

Female cephalic indexes/frequency table

All women

Dolichocephalic 8.3%
Mesocephalic 46.3%
Brachycephalic 37%
Hyperbrachycephalic 8.4%

Most dolichocephalic area - Gebiet 1 & 4 (11.8%)
Least dolichocephalic area - Gebiet 3 (2.4%)
Most mesocephalic area - Gebiet 5 (49.3%)
Least mesocephalic area - Gebiet 3 (38.4%)
Most brachycephalic area - Gebiet 3 (47.2%)
Least brachycephalic area - Gebiet 1 (32.8%)
Most hyperbrachycephalic area - Gebiet 2 (12.7%)
Least hyperbrachycephalic area - Gebiet 4 (5.9%)

Anthropologische untersuchungen an bewohnern der landschaft Satakunta - Niilo Pesonen (Helsinki, 1935)

Häme (Tavastland) - Cephalic Indexes

2007-01-14T04:30:00.000-08:00

Map of Häme, divided into areas

Dolichocephalic x- 75.9
Mesocephalic 76-80.9
Brachycephalic 81-85.4
Hyperbrachycephalic 85.5-x

Gebiet 1 - Karstula, Kinnula, Kivijärvi, Konginkangas , Kyyjärvi, Pihtipudas, Pylkönmäki, Saarijärvi, Sumiainen , Viitasaari, Ääneköski, Suolahti

Gebiet 2 - Hankasalmi, Keitele, Konnevesi, Rautalampi, Vesanto

Gebiet 3 - Korpilahti, Laukaa, Muurame, Petäjävesi, Säynätsalo, Toivakka, Uurainen, Jyväskylä

Gebiet 4 - Jämsä, Jämsänkoski, Koskenpää, Kuhmoinen, Kuorevesi, Längelmäki, Padasjoki

Gebiet 5 - Hartola, Joutsa, Leivonmäki, Luhanka, Sysmä, Heinola

Gebiet 6 - Akaa, Humppila, Jokioinen, Kalvola, Koikjärvi, Kylmäkoski, Somerniemi , Somero, Sääksmäki, Tammela, Urjala, Ypäjä, Forssa ja Valkeakoski

Gebiet 7 - Hattula, Hauho, Hausjärvi, Janakkala, Loppi, Luopioinen, Pälkäne, Renko, Tuulos, Tyrväntö, Vanaja, Riihimäki, Hämeenlinna

Gebiet 8 - Asikkala, Hollola, Koski, Kärkölä, Lammi, Nastola, Orimattila, Lahti

Gebiet 9 - Iitti, Jaala, Kuusankoski, Valkeala, Kouvola

Gebiet A - Northern Häme

Gebiet B - Southern Häme

H - Häme

Frequency table - Male cephalic indexes

Male cephalic indexes

All men

Dolichocephalic 7.3%
Mesocephalic 42.6%
Brachycephalic 40.7%
Hyperbrachycephalic 9.5%

Most dolichocephalic area - Gebiet 9 (20%)
Least dolichocephalic area - Gebiet 2 (-)
Most mesocephalic area - Gebiet 5 (58.3%)
Least mesocephalic area - Gebiet 3 (30.9%)
Most brachycephalic area - Gebiet 2 (56.3%)
Least brachycephalic area - Gebiet 9 (20%)
Most hyperbrachycephalic area - Gebiet 1 (17.8%)
Least hyperbrachycephalic area - Gebiet 5 (4.2%)

Frequency table - Female cephalic indexes

Female cephalic indexes

All women

Dolichocephalic 5.9%
Mesocephalic 49.3%
Brachycephalic 37.5%
Hyperbrachycephalic 7.4%

Most dolichocephalic area - Gebiet 7 (9.7%)
Least dolichocephalic area - Gebiet 1 & 9 (0%)
Most mesocephalic area - Gebiet 6 (63.2%)
Least mesocephalic area - Gebiet 1 (26%)
Most brachycephalic area - Gebiet 1 (62%)
Least brachycephalic area - Gebiet 6 (30.9%)
Most hyperbrachycephalic area - Gebiet 8 (13.1%)
Least hyperbrachycephalic area - Gebiet 9 (0%)

Photographic supplements from the study

Male examples (jpg)
Female examples (jpg)

Antti Telkkä, Anthropologische Untersuchung von Bewohnern der Landschaft Häme (Helsinki, 1952)

Savolax region - Cephalic indexes

2006-12-20T12:24:00.000-08:00

Dolichocephalic x- 75.9
Mesocephalic 76-80.9
Brachycephalic 81-85.4
Hyperbrachycephalic 85.5-x

Gebiet 1 = Kiuruvesi, Lapinlahti, Pielavesi, Sonkajärvi, Varpaisjärvi, Vieremä and Iisalmi.
Gebiet 2 = Juankoski, Karttula, Leppävirta, Maaninka, Muuruvesi, Nilsiä, Riistavesi, Siilinjärvi, Suonenjoki, Tervo, Tuusniemi, Vehmersalmi, Varkaus and Kuopio.
Gebiet 3 = Anttola, Haukivuori, Hirvensalmi, Joroinen, Juva, Jäppilä, Kangasniemi, Mäntyharju, Pertunmaa, Pieksämäki, Ristiina, Virtasalmi, Pieksämä and Mikkeli
Gebiet 4 = Enonkoski, Heinävesi, Kangaslampi, Kerimäki, Punkaharju, Puumala, Rantasalmi, Savonranta, Sulkava, Sääminki and Savonlinna.
Gebiet 5 = Joutseno, Lappee, Lemi, Luumäki, Ruokolahti, Savitaipale, Suomenniemi, Taipalsaari, Lauritsala and Lappeenranta.

Male Cephalic indexes / Frequency table

Savolax region (all men)

9.8% Dolichocephalic
39.2% Mesocephalic
39.2% Brachycephalic
11.8% Hyperbrachycephalic

Most dolichocephalic area - Gebiet 4 (17.1%)
Least dolichocephalic area - Gebiet 2 (7.7%)
Most mesocephalic area - Gebiet 1 (50.0%)
Least mesocephalic area - Gebiet 5 (36.6%)
Most brachycephalic area - Gebiet 5 (49.3%)
Least brachycephalic area - Gebiet 1 (34.6%)
Most hyperbrachycephalic area - Gebiet 3 (13.7%)
Least hyperbrachycephalic area - Gebiet 5 (2.8%)

Female cephalic indexes/frequency table

Savolax region (all females)

Dolichocephalic 5.1%
Mesocephalic 41.7%
Brachycephalic 42.2%
Hyperbrachycephalic 11.0%

Most dolichocephalic area - Gebiet 4 (21.4%)
Least dolichocephalic area - Gebiet 5 (2.4%)
Most mesocephalic area - Gebiet 1 (45.8%)
Least mesocephalic area - Gebiet 4 (21.4%)
Most brachycephalic area - Gebiet 4 (50%)
Least brachycephalic area - Gebiet 3 (40%)
Most hyperbrachycephalic area - Gebiet 3 (13.3%)
Least hyperbrachycephalic area - Gebiet 4 (7.1%)

Niilo Pesonen, Anthropologische Untersuchungen an Bewohnern der Landschaft Savo (Helsinki, 1937)

Carelia - Male noses

2006-12-11T07:35:00.000-08:00

Height - width index

Hyperleptorrhin x - 54.9
Leptorrhin 55.0-69.9
Mesorrhin 70.0-84.9
Chamaerrhin 85.0-99.9
Hyperchamaerrhin 100 - x

Hyperleptorrhin x - 54.9
Leptorrhin 55.0-69.9
Mesorrhin 70.0-84.9
Chamaerrhin 85.0-99.9
Hyperchamaerrhin 100 - x

Carelia (men)

Hyperleptorrhin 14%
Leptorrhin 65.2%
Mesorrhin 19.4%
Chamaerrhin 1.1%
Hyperchamaerrhin 0.3%

Area 1

Hyperleptorrhin 4.8%
Leptorrhin 71.4%
Mesorrhin 19%
Chamaerrhin 2.4%
Hyperchamaerrhin 2.4%

Area 2

Hyperleptorrhin 6.6%
Leptorrhin 70.3%
Mesorrhin 23.1%
Chamaerrhin -
Hyperchamaerrhin -

Area 3

Hyperleptorrhin 11.3%
Leptorrhin 72.2%
Mesorrhin 14.9%
Chamaerrhin 1.5%
Hyperchamaerrhin -

Area 4

Hyperleptorrhin 14.2%
Leptorrhin 53.3%
Mesorrhin 32%
Chamaerrhin -
Hyperchamaerrhin 0.8%

Area 5

Hyperleptorrhin 27.8%
Leptorrhin 53.2%
Mesorrhin 16.5%
Chamaerrhin 2.5%
Hyperchamaerrhin

Area 6

Hyperleptorrhin 17.8%
Leptorrhin 75.4%
Mesorrhin 5.1%
Chamaerrhin 1.7%
Hyperchamaerrhin -

Area A

Hyperleptorrhin 10.2%
Leptorrhin 72.0%
Mesorrhin 15.7%
Chamaerrhin 1.7%
Hyperchamaerrhin 0.4%

Area B

Hyperleptorrhin 11.8%
Leptorrhin 58.7%
Mesorrhin 29.2%
Chamaerrhin -
Hyperchamaerrhin 0.3%

Area C

Hyperleptorrhin 13.3%
Leptorrhin 63.2%
Mesorrhin 22.2%
Chamaerrhin 1.0%
Hyperchamaerrhin 0.3%

The highest percentage of narrow nosed induviduals (hyper + leptorrhin) were found in Area 6 (Rautjärvi, Ilmee, Hiitola, Kirvu, Jääski, Antrea, Vuoksenranta, Heinjoki, Vuoksela, Ihontala, Kaukola, Räisälä, Pyhäjärvi, Nuijamaa, Äyräpää, Vahviala, Johannes, Ylämaa, Koivisto, Säkkijärvi, Miehikkälä, Virolahti, Muolaa, Valkjärvi, Sakkola, Metsäpirtti, Rautu, Kyyrölä, Kuolemanjärvi, Kivennapa, Uusikirkko, Kanneljärvi, Kuokkala, Terijoki, Käkisalmi and Viipuri.) the least in Area 4 (Korpiselkä, Soanlahti, Suojärvi, Suistamo, Impilahti and Salmi.) The most typical nose in all areas was leptorrhin. Area 1 (Nurmes, Valtimo, Rautavaara, Juuka, Säyneinen and Kaavi) had the largest percentage of chamaerrhin and hyperchamaerrhin noses (2.4% of each).

Sources - T.Y.Roschier - Anthropologische Untersuchungen an Bewohnern der Landschaft Karjala (Helsinki, 1931)

Re-calculating Cephalic Indexes based on frequency tables - Nyland

2006-12-04T22:50:00.000-08:00

Re-calculated Cephalic indexes for Nyland Finnish and Swedish speakers (averages) based on L.Löfgren's cephalic index frequency table and comparison with the original data reported by Löfgren.

Re-calculated cephalic indexes with stricter values

under 75 = dolicho,
75-79.9 meso,
over 80 brachy
85-89.9 for hyperbrachycephalics.

	Dolicho	Meso	Brachy	Hyperbra
Nyland Swe/men	12,87	51,9	29,52	5,72
Nyland Fi/men	6,52	45,1	37,5	10,32

On the original looser system the same values were
Dolichocephalic x- 75.9
Mesocephalic 76-80.9
Brachycephalic 81-85.4
Hyperbrachycephalic 85.5-x

Original distiribution of cephalic indexes by Löfgren.

	Dolicho	Meso	Brachy	Hyperbra
Nyland Swe/men	25,24	52,38	20,48	1,92
Nyland Fi/men	13,59	48,91	30,44	7,072

The expected result of this re-calculation is that when the definition becomes stricter, the amount of pure dolichocephalics drops, adding them to the mesocephalic group, whereas some mesocephalics will be counted as brachycephalics and some brachycephalics into the hyperbrachycephalic group.

I will re-calculate values for each area of Nyland for both men and women and compare the results. Similar comparison will be made for each area (if data is available).

Sources - L.Löfgren - über die anthropologie der Bewohner von Uusimaa (Helsinki, 1937)

Nyland - Summary

2006-12-04T08:51:00.000-08:00

L. Löfgren had created a rather large (219 pages) study on the anthropological qualities of the population of Nyland. The measurements had been performed between the years 1928 and 1932. They had studied 394 men, out of which 211 were Swedish speakers and 252 women, out of which 162 were Swedish speakers. The men were between the ages of 25-50 and women 20-50. The height of the Swedish speaking men averaged at 172,14cm, Finnish speakers 169,65cm. The Swedish speakers were said to be 2,49cm taller on average. The Swedish speakers in the western part of Nyland were taller than those in the east, however the Finnish speakers from the west of Nyland were not any taller than his counterparts from the east. The legs of the Swedish speakers were said to be longer than those of the Finnish speakers, whom on the other hand had longer legs than the Carelians. The cephalic index among Nyland's Finnish speakers was around 79,8% and 78,3 among Swedish speakers. On Westerlund's study the same numbers were 80,5 and 79,5 (see table 11)

The comparative information on Sweden's cephalic index division was based on the results of Lundborg-Linders. In their results the hyperbrachycephalics were summed among the brachycephalics. The Swedish speaking men of Nyland had longer faces in comparison to the Finnish speakers. However the Finnish speaking men and women of Nyland were more blond than their Swedish speaking countrymen. Löfgren had made several comparisons to earlier studies and studies of other countries. He was also very descriptive. The faces were mainly ellipse shaped, however this was more frequent among the Swedish speakers. The faces of the Finnish speakers showed more angularity (this was said to be the case also in Finland Proper). The people studied in Nyland often had medium-width and medium-height faces. The forehead was medium high and more often high than low. The Finnish speakers were said to have wider faces and Löfgren also points that the cheekbones were slightly prominent, however this was also the case among many European nations. This feature was more well-defined among the Swedish speakers, with the arch of the cheek being larger.

The Swedish speakers had a higher and more narrow nose. In both groups the male noses were mostly straight, women often had a concave up-tilted nose. The same phenomenon was found in SW-Finland. The nostrils were often long and oval in shape. (see table 12)

Table 12 - Nose shape among the Finnish and Swedish speakers of Nyland according to L.Löfgren (1937)

Extracts from Löfgren's study.

Nyland divided into areas

Gebiet = Area

Gebiet 1 = Bromarv, Tenala, Ekenäs, Pojo, Karis
, Spannertuna, Ingå, Degerby, Hangö and Ekenäs.

Gebiet 2 = Sjundeå, Kyrkslätt, Espoo, Helsinki
, Huopalahti, Oulunkylä, Brändö, Grankulla and Haaga.

Gebiet 3 = Sibbo, Borgå, Pernå, Liljendal, Lappträsk,
Ruotsinpyhtää and Lovisa.

Gebiet 4 = Karjalohja, Sammatti, Nummi, Pusula,
Pyhäjärvi, Vihti, Lohja, Nurmijärvi, Hyvinkää, Lohja
and Karkkila.

Gebiet 5 = Tuusula, Mäntsälä, Pukkila, Askola, Myrskylä,
Artjärvi, Anjala, Sippola, Pyhtää, Kymi, Vehkalahti,
Kotka, Hamina ja Kerava.

U:S = Areas 1,2,3 where only Swedish speakers
were measured, the average of those areas.

U:F = Areas 4 and 5 where only Finnish speakers
were measured, the average of those areas.

Cephalic indexes (men)

Cephalic index frequency table (men)

To classify cephalic indexes into groups, the following system was used

Dolichocephalic x- 75.9
Mesocephalic 76-80.9
Brachycephalic 81-85.4
Hyperbrachycephalic 85.5-x

Statistics about men.

Most dolichocephalic area = Area 1 (Bromarv, Tenala, Ekenäs, Pojo, Karis , Spannertuna, Ingå, Degerby, Hangö and Ekenäs) 33.90% dolichocephalics. Least dolichocephalic area = Area 5 (Tuusula, Mäntsälä, Pukkila, Askola, Myrskylä, Artjärvi, Anjala, Sippola, Pyhtää, Kymi, Vehkalahti, Kotka, Hamina ja Kerava.) 6.51% dolichocephalic

Most mesocephalic area = Area 3 (Sibbo, Borgå, Pernå, Liljendal, Lappträsk, Ruotsinpyhtää and Lovisa) 55.06% mesocephalic. Least mesocephalic area = Area 5 (Tuusula, Mäntsälä, Pukkila, Askola, Myrskylä,
Artjärvi, Anjala, Sippola, Pyhtää, Kymi, Vehkalahti, Kotka, Hamina ja Kerava.) = 45.75%

Most brachycephalic area = Area 5 (Tuusula, Mäntsälä, Pukkila, Askola, Myrskylä, Artjärvi, Anjala, Sippola, Pyhtää, Kymi, Vehkalahti, Kotka, Hamina ja Kerava.) 34.05% brachycephalics. Least brachycephalic area = Area 2 (Sjundeå, Kyrkslätt, Espoo, Helsinki , Huopalahti, Oulunkylä, Brändö, Grankulla and Haaga) with 16.13% brachycephalics.

Most hyperbrachycephalic area = Area 5, least Area 3.

Cephalic indexes (women)

Cephalic index frequency table (women)

Most dolichocephalic area = Area 2 (15.38%)
Least dolichocephalic area = Area 5 (4.12%)
Most mesocephalic area = Area 2 (69.23%)
Least mesocephalic area = Area 5 (47.43%)
Most brachycephalic area = Area 5 (31.96%)
Least brachycephalic area = Area 2 (15.38%)

Area 3 (31.67% brachy) was quite close to Area 5 (31.96%) in terms
of female brachycephalics.

Most hyperbrachycephalics = Area 5 (16.5%)
Least hyperbrachycephalics = Area 1 & 2 (0%)

Arguably one might re-count the distiribution of cephalic indexes from the frequency table by using stricter classifications for the various indexes. Ie. under 75 = dolicho, 75-79.9 meso, over 80 brachy and 85-89.9 for hyperbrachycephalics. This would in some cases make many slightly meso-brachycephalics into purely brachycephalics and so forth.

I will add other tables from the book into this same post when I have more time.

Sources - L.Löfgren - über die anthropologie der Bewohner von Uusimaa (Helsinki, 1937)

Carelia - Summary

2006-12-04T06:36:00.000-08:00

T.Y.Roschier's study on Karelia. According to the 1930's popular theory, Roschier said that the forefathers of the Carelians had arrived to the Lake Ladoga and Onega region around 500 A.D and populated the Carelia and Savolax regions by 700 A.D He displayed studies by C. von Haartman and studies by the Russians A. V. Elisejev (1882), A.J.Kolmogorov (1904), V.N. Mainov (1881) and D. A. Zolotarev (1920's) Eliseiev made a trip to Scandianavia and Lapland and after that he practiced as a military doctor in Finland. He said that the Finnish population greatly differed from their Swedish, Norwegian and Russian neighbours.

According to Roschier he stereotyped them along the lines of v. Haartman and considered the Carelians to be a mixed race and not pure Finns. Kolmogorov said the Finns to be brachycephalic, large built, light eyed and blond haired. The Finnish Carelians were compared to those living in Russia. Mainov considered them to be darker than the Finnish Carelians. They differed very little from Russians, however their eyes were said to be slanted, faces were angular and the cheekbones hinted towards Uralic-Altaic origin. The most famous depictor of the Carelians must have been Zolotarev. His depiction didn't differ that much from the previous, althoug he provided slightly more accurate information. In addition to the mention of slanted eyes he mentioned that epicanthic folds in Carelians were rare. The Carelians of the Soviet Union were claimed to be closer to Russians than the Finnish Carelians. Generally the Carelians were said to be showing traits of Nordic, East-Baltic, Lapponoid and North-Uralid races. The Finnish Carelian was depicted as being larger and more harsh featured than the Russian Carelian (wide jawed, snub nose, poor beard growth and a dim unpleasant facial expression)

The new anthropological researchers noticed that researchers had used different ways of measuring in their previous studies. For example the height measurements by Westerlund, Wilksman and Roschier gave results which different from each other by several centimeters. This was explained with the age variation of the measured induviduals (conscription age and fully grown males) and the differences in research technique. Roschier performed measurements in 1925 and provided supplementary measurements to complete the study in 1929. His material wasn't that large compared to Westerlund for example, because it consisted of 736 men between the ages of 25-50 and 490 women between the ages of 20-50. However the study was more accurate and versatile because of Martin's instructions. In the final inspection we'll look at the factors which often were "looked for" when looking for the “Finnish race".

The Carelian men were medium sized (average height of men was 166,29cm and women 154,83cm). The Finnish Carelians had a high, narrow nose, the eyes were mainly light (men 83,8%) and brown eyes were found in 7,5% of the studied individuals. Brown eyes were more frequent among women (15,7%).

The men mainly had three types of hair colours (dark brown or black, blond (mainly dark-blonde) and brown hair. Roschier released his study at a time when pure racial types were considered "possible" and racial types were given ideal measurements and features. That's why comparisons were made between Carelians, Swedes, Russian Carelia and Russians. As expected, Swedes were judged to be larger, more dolichocephalic and more slim/slender built. The difference towards Russian Carelians was the opposite, however the difference was thought to be minor.

The Finnish Carelians were conclued to be brachycephalic (male index 81,67, women 81,88). The difference to the meso/dolicocephalic Swedes was considered to be rather big, however the Carelians of Russia were said to be less brachycephalic. According to the starting points of the studies of this time, Carelians were labelled as a mixed population, consisting elements from different races. In an old-time fashion Roschier spoke of Germanic, Slavic and Lapponoid-races.

Extracts from Roschier's study.

Carelia divided into areas/groups of study.

Gebiet = Area

Gebiet 1 = Nurmes, Valtimo,
Rautavaara, Juuka, Säyneinen and Kaavi

Gebiet 2 = Pielisjärvi, Eno, Ilomantsi ja Tuupovaara

Gebiet 3 = Kuusjärvi, Polvijärvi, Kontiolahti, Liperi
, Pyhäselkä, Pielisensuu, Kiihtelysvaara, Rääkkylä,
Tohmajärvi, Värtsilä, Pälkjärvi, Kitee, Kesälähti
and Joensuu.

Gebiet 4 = Korpiselkä, Soanlahti, Suojärvi, Suistamo
, Impilahti and Salmi.

Gebiet 5 = Ruskeala, Harlu, Uukunniemi, Jaakkima, Saari
, Parikkala, Lumivaara, Simpele, Kurkijoki and Sortavala.

Gebiet 6 = Rautjärvi, Ilmee, Hiitola, Kirvu, Jääski,
Antrea, Vuoksenranta, Heinjoki, Vuoksela, Ihontala, Kaukola,
Räisälä, Pyhäjärvi, Nuijamaa, Äyräpää, Vahviala, Johannes,
Ylämaa, Koivisto, Säkkijärvi, Miehikkälä, Virolahti, Muolaa,
Valkjärvi, Sakkola, Metsäpirtti, Rautu, Kyyrölä, Kuolemanjärvi,
Kivennapa, Uusikirkko, Kanneljärvi, Kuokkala, Terijoki, Käkisalmi
and Viipuri.

Gebiet A = Western part of North-Carelia (1 and 3)
Gebiet B = Eastern part of North-Carelia (2 and 4)
Gebiet C = North-Carelian group (1,2,3,4 and 5)
Gebiet 6 = South-Carelian group

To classify cephalic indexes into groups, the following system was used

Dolichocephalic x- 75.9
Mesocephalic 76-80.9
Brachycephalic 81-85.4
Hyperbrachycephalic 85.5-x

Male cephalic indexes (table)

Frequency table of cephalic indexes for men

Area 1 (men)

2.4% Dolichocephalic
28.6% Mesocephalic
57.1% Brachycephalic
11.9% Hyperbrachycephalic

Area 2 (men)

2.5% Dolichocephalic
45.7% Mesocephalic
41.1% Brachycephalic
10.7% Hyperbrachycephalic

Area 3 (men)

1.1% Dolichocephalic
40.7 % Mesocephalic
52.8% Brachycephalic
5.5% Hyperbrachycephalic

Area 4 (men)

2.9% Dolichocephalic
39.2% Mesocephalic
44.1% Brachycephalic
13.7% Hyperbrachycephalic

Area 5 (men)

6.3% Dolichocephalic
33.8% Mesocephalic
50 % Brachycephalic
10 % Hyperbrachycephalic

Area 6 (men)

4.2% Dolichocephalic
33.9% Mesocephalic
45.8% Brachycephalic
16.1% Hyperbrachycephalic

Area A (men)

1.5% Dolichocephalic
36.8% Mesocephalic
54.1% Brachycephalic
7.5% Hyperbrachycephalic

Area B (men)

2.7% Dolichocephalic
42.4% Mesocephalic
42.6% Brachycephalic
12.2% Hyperbrachycephalic

Area C (men)

2.9% Dolichocephalic
40.1% Mesocephalic
46.1 % Brachycephalic
10.9 % Hyperbrachycephalic

All Carelian men

3.1% Dolichocephalic
39.1% Mesocephalic
46% Brachycephalic
11.7% Hyperbrachycephalic

Conclusions about male cephalic indexes.

The most dolichocephalic area was Area 5 with 6.3% (Ruskeala, Harlu, Uukunniemi, Jaakkima, Saari , Parikkala, Lumivaara, Simpele, Kurkijoki and Sortavala) Least dolichocephalic area was Area 3 with 1.1% (Kuusjärvi, Polvijärvi, Kontiolahti, Liperi , Pyhäselkä, Pielisensuu, Kiihtelysvaara, Rääkkylä, Tohmajärvi, Värtsilä, Pälkjärvi, Kitee, Kesälähti and Joensuu.)

The most mesocephalic area was Area 2 (Pielisjärvi, Eno, Ilomantsi ja Tuupovaara) with 45.7% and the least mesocephalic area was area 1 (Nurmes, Valtimo, Rautavaara, Juuka, Säyneinen and Kaavi) with 28.6%

The most brachycephalic area was Area 1 (Nurmes, Valtimo, Rautavaara, Juuka, Säyneinen and Kaavi) with 57.1% brachycephalics. The least brachycephalic area was area Area 2 (Pielisjärvi, Eno, Ilomantsi ja Tuupovaara) with 41.1% Brachycephalics.

The most hyperbrachycephalic area was Area 6 (South-Carelia) with 16.1%. The least hyperbrachycephalic area was Area 3 (Kuusjärvi, Polvijärvi, Kontiolahti, Liperi , Pyhäselkä, Pielisensuu, Kiihtelysvaara, Rääkkylä, Tohmajärvi, Värtsilä, Pälkjärvi, Kitee, Kesälähti and Joensuu) with 5.5% hyperbrachycephalics.

Female cephalic indexes (table)

Frequency table of cephalic indexes for women

Area 1 (women)

4.3% Dolichocephalic
30.4% Mesocephalic
52.2% Brachycephalic
13.0% Hyperbrachycephalic

Area 2 (women)

4.8% Dolichocephalic
30.6% Mesocephalic
51.6% Brachycephalic
12.9% Hyperbrachycephalic

Area 3 (women)

5 % Dolichocephalic
48 % Mesocephalic
37 % Brachycephalic
10 % Hyperbrachycephalic

Area 4 (women)

7 % Dolichocephalic
31 % Mesocephalic
51.2% Brachycephalic
10.9% Hyperbrachycephalic

Area 5 (women)

3.6% Dolichocephalic
21.7% Mesocephalic
47 % Brachycephalic
27.7% Hyperbrachycephalic

Area 6 (women)

4.3% Dolichocephalic
36.6% Mesocephalic
44.1% Brachycephalic
15.1% Hyperbrachycephalic

Area A (women)

4.9% Dolichocephalic
44.7% Mesocephalic
39.8% Brachycephalic
10.6% Hyperbrachycephalic

Area B (women)

6.3% Dolichocephalic
30.9% Mesocephalic
51.3% Brachycephalic
11.5% Hyperbrachycephalic

Area C (women)

5.3% Dolichocephalic
33.2% Mesocephalic
46.9% Brachycephalic
14.6% Hyperbrachycephalic

All Carelian women

5.1% Dolichocephalic
33.9% Mesocephalic
46.3% Brachycephalic
14.7% Hyperbrachycephalic

Out of women, the most dolichocephalic area was Area 4 (Korpiselkä, Soanlahti, Suojärvi, Suistamo, Impilahti and Salmi.) with 7% dolichocephalics. The least dolichocephalic area was area 5 (Ruskeala, Harlu, Uukunniemi, Jaakkima, Saari , Parikkala, Lumivaara, Simpele, Kurkijoki and Sortavala.) with 3.6% dolichocephalics.

The most mesocephalic area was Area 3 (Kuusjärvi, Polvijärvi, Kontiolahti, Liperi
, Pyhäselkä, Pielisensuu, Kiihtelysvaara, Rääkkylä, Tohmajärvi, Värtsilä, Pälkjärvi, Kitee, Kesälähti and Joensuu.) with 48% mesocephalics.

The most brachycephalic area was Area 1 (Nurmes, Valtimo, Rautavaara, Juuka, Säyneinen and Kaavi)with 52.2% brachycephalics. The least brachycephalic area was Area 3 (Kuusjärvi, Polvijärvi, Kontiolahti, Liperi , Pyhäselkä, Pielisensuu, Kiihtelysvaara, Rääkkylä, Tohmajärvi, Värtsilä, Pälkjärvi, Kitee, Kesälähti and Joensuu.) with 37% brachycephalics.

The most hyperbrachycephalic area was Area 5 (Ruskeala, Harlu, Uukunniemi, Jaakkima, Saari , Parikkala, Lumivaara, Simpele, Kurkijoki and Sortavala.) with 27.7% hyperbrachycephalics. The least hyperbrachycephalic area was Area 3 (Kuusjärvi, Polvijärvi, Kontiolahti, Liperi, Pyhäselkä, Pielisensuu, Kiihtelysvaara, Rääkkylä, Tohmajärvi, Värtsilä, Pälkjärvi, Kitee, Kesälähti and Joensuu.)with 10% hyperbrachycephalics.

Arguably one might re-count the distiribution of cephalic indexes from the frequency table by using stricter classifications for the various indexes. Ie. under 75 = dolicho, 75-79.9 meso, over 80 brachy and 85-89.9 for hyperbrachycephalics. This would in some cases make many slightly meso-brachycephalics into purely brachycephalics. However other FAS-studies such as Löfgren's study on Nyland used the exact same values as Roschier.

I will add other tables from the book into this same post when I have the time.

Sources - T.Y.Roschier - Anthropologische Untersuchungen an Bewohnern der Landschaft Karjala (Helsinki, 1931)

Tavastland - Summary

2006-12-03T23:32:00.000-08:00

Antti Telkkä released his study on anthropology of Tavastland in 1952. Back then only the material consisting of Northern Ostrobothnia had remained un-published. In Tavastland, according to a common method around 426 men and 402 women were measured.

The average height of a Tavastian male was found to be 170,55cm. Southern Tavastians were slightly taller (170,97cm avg) in comparison to northern Tavastians (169,45cm). In a similar fashion the women in Southern Tavastland were slightly taller than the Northern Tavastians (150,08cm). The Finnish speaking men of Nyland were on average shorter in stature in comparison to the Tavastian men, however the Finnish speaking women of Nyland were taller than Tavastian females. Over half of the Tavast men were tall statured (170cm and over) and almost half of the women (159cm and over) were tall statured also. The men and women of Tavastland were mainly meso and brachycephalic.

The average cephalic index was around 81. Mesocephalics and brachycephalics amounted at 83% of men. Both at a bit over 40%. In northern Tavastland the cephalic index was slightly higher than in the South (81,97-80,62). Also the cephalic index of women in north Tavastland was a bit higher with the average cephalic index being 81,11. As far as cephalic index goes, the results among the Swedish speaking Southern-Ostrobothnia, Satakunta and Savolax were the closest to the results of Tavastland. The Tavastians were found to be mainly wide-faced and narrow nosed.

In many previous studies the Tavastians had been described as being very blond. The eye-colour among men was predominantly light (89,6%). The women once again proved to have a higher frequency of brown-eyes than men (18%). The hair was rarely extremely blond. The most common hair colour for men was dark-blond (45,1%) and brown (35,7%). Black hair was found only on 3.6%. The female hair in general was darker, however people with black hair were a few (3%). It was concluded in these studies that in the northern, eastern and in Finland proper there was a higher amount of "darkness" than elsewhere. T

The Tavastians seemed to be apart of a North-eastern group, although their eye-colour was mainly light. The most common combination among men was light-eyes and dark-blond/brown hair (73,6%)

Antti Telkkä, Anthropologische Untersuchung von Bewohnern der Landschaft Häme (Helsinki, 1952)

Satakunta - Summary

2006-12-03T23:12:00.000-08:00

Professor Niilo Pesonen researched the population of the Satakunta and Savolax region and performed conclusions on the Duodecim-magazine and later also published his work in German. The study on Satakunta was published in 1935. The studied region had been divided into 5 areas. Average height of men was 170,79cm and women 159,96cm. Cephalic index of males averaged around 80,5 and women at 81 (table 10)

Out of men and women 55% were narrow faced (extremely narrow faced 25%), medium width (mesoprosop) 27% among men and 23% among women. The majority (80%) also had a narrow nose. The study of hair and eye-colour also pointed that the people of Satakunta were mainly blond. Among men 85,5% had light eyes (blue,gray,yellowish or greenish). Brown-eyes were found in 11% of men. The frequency of brown-eyes was higher amongst women (17%). Brown haired men and women were equally found 40% among the studied individuals. Extremely blond or dark-blond (majority of light-haired people) were around 40% Red hair was rather rare. Dark men rarely had dark eyes. The most common combination was dark-blond or brown hair and light-eyes. Height and blondness did not correlate each other. Among men under the height of 154,9cm the majority had light eyes (86,4%) and men above 175cm tall 90,7% had light-eyes. Large men more often seemed to have dark hair, not blond. However the difference was small. Tall women however more often had very blond hair and light coloured eyes. The same goes for cephalic indexes. Men with higher cephalic index more often had the lightest eyes (79,5-82,4=92% and 85,5-88,4=95,8%) Dark-brown and black hair was found among individuals who were extremely brachycephalic or rather dolichocephalic. Similar figures and conclusions were made about the women. The researchers were interested in if according to the old theories short people were more often dark haired and dark eyed and if tall people were meso/dolichocephalic and blond more often. Of course the study results didn't support this theory.

Niilo Pesonen, Anthropologische Untersuchungen an Bewohnern der Landschaft Satakunta (Helsinki, 1935)

Savolax region - Summary

2006-12-03T23:00:00.000-08:00

Pesonen's study on the Savolax region was published in 1937. For this study 595 men between the ages 25-49 and 376 women between the ages 20-49 had been studied. They were from all over Savolax from Kiuruvesi to Lappeenranta.

Average height of men was 167,4cm and women 154,53cm. The tallest men (168,06cm avg) were found in the area consisting Joroinen and Mikkeli, the shortest were found south of this area in the Savonlinnna region (165,8cm). This region also had the shortest women (152,26cm) whereas the tallest women were found south of this area (155,78cm). T

The cephalic index of men averaged at 81,109 and it was largest in the areas of Kuopio and Mikkeli (81,281; 81,232). More than 3/4 were mesocephalic and brachycephalic (both 39,2%). The average cephalic index of women was 81,504
Out of men 44,5% had a wide-face, medium-faced 21,6%. The widest faces were found in Southern Savolax and around the Kuopio region. The most narrow faces were found in the Mikkeli region (half of the measured individuals). Narrow noses were found among half of the men and extremely narrow noses among 10%. In women the numbers of narrow noses were even higher (59,1%, 10,3%)

The population of the Savolax region was mainly blond. Around 87% of men had light-eyes, brown eyes were found among 9%. Again there were more brown-eyes among the women (17,4%) However brown-eyed men were found in Northern Savolax more often than normally (23,1%) Extremely blond hair was rare among men (3,2%), however dark-blond hair was found in 46,2%. Very dark hair was found in 20% of men. Over half of the measured women had brown or darker toned hair. As in Satakunta, the tallest individuals of the Savolax region were not the blondest. However shorter men were on average a bit darker than tall men. Tall women more often had brown eyes than short women (40% and 20%). The same goes for hair colour. Brown hair was more common among tall individuals. The dolichocephalic men were more often brown-eyed than other groups, however dark hair was more frequent among those who were brachycephalic (18,2%). Dark-brown or brown was found among 45% of the brachycephalic individuals. The rest mainly had blond/light hair (half of the measured individuals).

Majority of men had light coloured eyes. It was noted that the short, brachycephalic individuals couldn't have gotten their height and short skull through Sami-influence because of blondism. Among women, brachycephalics more often seemed to have brown eyes. However the short statured people with brown eyes and dark hair might indeed be a a result of Sami-admixture, however these features were not a frequent phenomenon among the individuals. Dark hair was more common than expected among tall men with dolichocephalic skulls, which lead the research to conclude that other type "dark" influence was present and it was not Lapponoid.

Niilo Pesonen, Anthropologische Untersuchungen an Bewohnern der Landschaft Savo (Helsinki, 1937)